Table 8.

The key relationships from C8.

Findings	Relationship
% C8 introduced in the study sample	100 %
Ecosystems protect all living entities [16,78] and bring vital benefits for humans [16,71,113,116]	C1→III: +
Importance of participation of stakeholders in all PESP processes [12,58,153,176,221,223,224];	C8→I, II, III: +
Compared to ES buyers and intermediaries, most of ES sellers suffer more risks	C8, II→III: −
PESPs can achieve conservation and development goals [153] but can create negative outcomes [168,232,233], such as inequality between local participants and non-participants [168] or between the buyers and sellers [151]	C8, II→III: +/−
Relationships among stakeholders with characteristics from designing to PES outcomes vary across various PESPs;	C8, I C8: + &C8 I, II, III: +
The need for understanding equity and social power of relationships within and between ES providers-users for locally sustainable livelihoods [2].	C8, II→C11: *