Table 1.
Participant demographic and clinical characteristics
| Variable | All participants (n = 41) n (%) | CG (n = 21) n (%) | PHET (n = 20) n (%) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (years) | 68.1 ± 9.3 | 68.7 ± 10.3 | 66.4 ± 7.2 | 0.668 |
| Mean BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 3.7 | 26.9 ± 3.6 | 26.5 ± 3.1 | 0.438 |
| Sex (males) | 28 (68.3) | 15 (71.4) | 13 (65) | 0.658 |
| Educational level (years) | 0.505 | |||
| <10 | 29 (70.7) | 16 (76.2) | 13 (65) | |
| ≥10 | 12 (29.3) | 5 (23.8) | 7 (35) | |
| Smoking status | 0.124 | |||
| Current | 16 (39) | 10 (47.6) | 6 (30) | |
| Former | 14 (34.1) | 4 (19) | 10 (50) | |
| Never | 11 (26.8) | 7 (33.3) | 4 (20) | |
| Smoking (mean packs/year)a | 44.3 ± 24 | 39.4 ± 22.8 | 48.9 ± 24.8 | 0.279 |
| Tumor histologic subtype | 0.131 | |||
| Adenocarcinoma | 27 (65.9) | 11 (52.4) | 16 (80) | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 6 (14.6) | 5 (23.8) | 1 (5) | |
| Carcinoid | 7 (17) | 4 (19) | 3 (10) | |
| Pleomorphic carcinoma | 1 (2.4) | 1 (4.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Pathologic tumor stage | 0.567 | |||
| IA | 24 (58.5) | 14 (66.7) | 10 (50) | |
| IB | 5 (12.2) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (20) | |
| IIA | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | |
| IIB | 5 (12.2) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (10) | |
| IIIA | 6 (14.6) | 3 (14.3) | 3 (15) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 24 (58.5) | 14 (66.7) | 10 (50) | 0.222 |
| COPD | 10 (24.4) | 4 (19) | 6 (30) | 0.484 |
| Diabetes | 9 (22) | 7 (33.3) | 2 (10) | 0.130 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 4 (9.8) | 1 (4.8) | 3 (15) | 0.343 |
| Other | 9 (22) | 4 (19) | 5 (25) | 0.719 |
| Median Charlson Comorbility Indexb (IQR) | 4 (4–6) | 5 (4–6) | 5 (4–5.8) | 0.968 |
| Mean pulmonary function | ||||
| FVC (% predicted) | 90.3 ± 17.7 | 86.6 ± 21.2 | 94.7 ± 11.4 | 0.169 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) | 84.9 ± 18 | 86.6 ± 20.2 | 83 ± 15.5 | 0.540 |
| DLCO (% predicted) | 72.6 ± 17.1 | 75.2 ± 18 | 69.6 ± 16.1 | 0.328 |
| Resection degree | 1.000 | |||
| Lobectomy | 34 (79.1) | 17 (81) | 17 (85) | |
| Bilobectomy | 2 (4.7) | 1 (4.8) | 1 (5) | |
| Wedge resection | 5 (11.6) | 3 (14.3) | 2 (10) | |
| Surgical approach | 0.545 | |||
| VATS | 33 (80.5) | 18 (85.7) | 15 (75) | |
| Open surgery | 7 (17.1) | 3 (14.3) | 4 (20) | |
| RATS | 1 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) |
CG, control group; PHET, preoperative home-based exercise training; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR, interquartile range; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; DLCO, diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide; VATS, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; RATS, robot-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
aPack-years only calculated for patients who previously smoked or currently smoke
bScores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater comorbidities