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Pain scores at rest (a)or on motion (b) within 72 h were significantly lower in group D (dark grey) than in group C (light grey), P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively. The box and dot plots were median (IQR) and outliers (defined as beyond 1.5 times IQR) with the violin plot indicating the density distribution of data. group D: dexmedetomidine group; Group C: saline control group.
