Table 1.

Summary of the method, characteristics, and application of the nano-particle integrated PP material

Entry	Nanomaterial	Method	Characteristics	Application	Challenge	References
1	Graphene nanoplatelet	Injection moulding	Tensile strength: enhanced from 16 ± 1.5 MPa to 33 ± 2.1 MPa; flexural strength: increased from 50.7 MPa to 58.8 MPa; impact strength: improve 132%	Solar panel components, piping systems, bicycle frames, helmets, etc	Nanomaterial’s alignment is challenging	[85]
2	Silver nano	Coating	Antimicrobial:0.44 to 2.60% increased	Medical and hygiene	Difficult to control parameter during silver nano particle extraction of AgNO3 and NaOH	[86]
3	Iron nano	Melt interaction	Tensile strength: 24% increased; air permeability: 33% reduced	Food packaging	Non-oxidizing environment must need to prepare nano particle	[83]
4	Organoclay	Melt mixing	Tensile strength: enhance (15%-17%); tensile modulus: increase (61% -133%); interlaminar fracture toughness improve 67%	Rotor blades, building panels, structural components, electronic housings	Large-scale applications can be challenging, recycling very difficult	[60]
5	Nanocellulose	Melt extruder	Tensile strength improve from 30.4 MPa to 36 MPa	Biodegradable packaging materials. biocompatible medical devices	Improvement of flexibility	[87]
6	Graphene nano	Melt blending	Tensile strength: enhance up 34% thermal stability: increase from 431 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ to 473.5 ${}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$	Automotive components, antistatic packaging	Temperature controlling difficult because of two different materials	[88]
7	Silica nanoparticles	Immersing	Thermal stability: increased up to 937 mAh/g	Lithium-sulfur batteries	PP immerge into hydrolysis solution	[89]
8	Nano-CaCO3	Injection moulding	Tensile strength improved 17.9MPAa -19.3 MPa; flexural strength increased up to 50%	Medical orthopedic device, thermal insulation, porous filtration	Controlling the size and distribution of cells in the foam, interactions between nanoparticles and the polymer matrix	[14]
9	Oil palm nano filler	Hand lay-up	In adding 3% nano filler. tensile and impact strength: increased 60.8% and 27.6%; adding 6% filler, tensile and impact strength increased 56% and 29%	Structural components, device housings, wind turbine blades, panels and structural elements	The production and handling of nano fillers may raise health and safety concerns	[21]
10	Graphene Nanoplatelet	Melt mixing	Thermal stability: 1% GNP adding thermal stability increase up to 50%	Heat sinks, battery components, barrier films	Recyclability,	[90]
11	Graphene nanoplatelets	Surface coating	Tensile strength: 1 wt% xGnP is used strength increased 13.6% but 3 wt% xGnP showed 8% decrease simultaneously tensile modulus increased 41.7% at 3 wt% xGnP	Automobiles industry, aerospace, marine, and other industrial applications	Interfacial bonding	[91]
12	Nano clays	Melt blending	Tensile strength: above 5% wt adding decreased strength, tensile modulus is increased	Casing and housings, children's toys, durable industrial components, panels	Homogeneous dispersion of nano filler, chemical compatibility between filler and polymer matrix	[92]
13	MXene Nanosheets	Melt blending	Tensile strength enhance 35.3%; tensile modulus: increase 102.2%; ductility: increase 674.6%	Wearable electronics, thermal management materials, energy storage devices	Dispersion of MXene nanosheet, achieving and maintaining the electrical challenging	[19]
14	Ti3C2Tx MXene	Vacuum compression molding	Only 2.12 vol % of MXene showed conductivity 437.5 Sm−1	Conductive films and coatings, environmental sensors	Interfacial bonding, processing conditions, electrical conductivity	[93]
15	Copper oxides nanoparticles	Coating	Antimicrobial property: PP Cu2+ showed 10% better than PP Cu+	Textile fabric, footwear, medical bandage	Long-term stability, durability and wash ability of incorporated nanoparticles	[94]
16	Copper nanoparticles	Coating	Antimicrobial test: at 5% volume of PP/NPcu, S. aureus reduce up to 99.8% within 60 min	Water treatment	Fastness	[95]