Table 3.

An overview of PP-based materials including fabrication methods, characteristics, and noteworthy applications

Entry	Form of PP	Materials used	Fabrication technique	Property	Application	References
1	Mesh	PP, stabilizer	Polymer extrusion	Use for hernia repair	Biomedical	[109]
2	Scaffold	PP, chitosan, hydrogel, TiO2	Electrospinning	Useable as a antibacterial scaffold	Biomedical	[110]
3	Fiber	PP fiber	Spinning, weaving, sewing	Finer cloth for sportswear, cold clothing gear	Cloth	[111]
4	Fiber	Sand, cement, PP, and others	Concrete preparation	Suitability to use in concrete to improve the mechanical performance	Construction	[112]
5	Scaffold	PP polymer and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramic	Fused deposition	Porous scaffold for bone grafts	Biomedical	[113]
6	Fiber	Short carbon fiber/PP with exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets	Melt blending and hot-press	Better tensile strength and impact properties	Automobile and constructions	[91]
7	Scaffold	PP fumarate, hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles	Extrusion-based printing technique	Suitable for bone implantation	Medical science	[114]
8	Composite	PP, henequen fiber	Moulding	Higher tensile strength	Construction	[115]
9	Composite	Alkylated graphene oxide, PP	Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction	Higher tensile strength	Construction	[116]
10	Nano Composite	Trimethoxy silanes, PP	Solution mixing	Better thermal stability, crystallinity and mechanical properties	Automobile	[117]
11	Composite	CNT, glass fiber and PP	Extrusion and injection moulding	Better tensile strength and modulus value than individuals	Replacement of glass or CNT in different purposes	[118]
12	Composite	Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with 1-dodecanol	Solution mixing process and reaction	Exhibit better thermal and mechanical properties with very low filler content	Interior in house	[119]
13	Nano composite	Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx)/PP	Solution casting and melt blending	Mention initial degradation temperature (79.1 °C increase), tensile strength (35.3% increase), ductility (674.6% increase) and storage modulus (102.2% increase)	Used as thermally stable polymer in different purpose	[19]
14	Nano composite	Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanospheres with pimelic acid and Iso tactic PP	Solution mixing and chemical reaction	Improved thermal stability and viscoelastic properties were found	Can be used as elastic	[120]
15	Composite	100% recycled cotton fibers and PE/PP	Hot press process	It showed sound transmission up to 8 dB	Can be used in automobile and interior design	[121]
16	Composite	PP and PE	Flat hot compact	High stiffness, low level of damping	Interior design	[122]
17	Composite	PP and graphene	“In-situ building” approach	Excellent heat dissipation	High power and highly integrated electronic devices	[123]
18	Composite	Graphite, PP	Solution mixing process and reaction	Excellent thermal conductivity	Electronic device	[124]
19	Scaffold	PP carbonate, PDLA and Beta TCP	Salt-leaching method	Better result for bone defect repairment	Biomedical	[125]
20	Scaffold	Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, PP fumarate	Solution mixing process	Better bone tissue engineering	Biomedical	[126]
21	Composite	Lignin-based hollow carbon fibers, lignin/PP	Electro spinning	High performance to low weight ratio	Aerospace	[127]
22	Composite	PP, carbon powder	Extrusion and film blowing	Extremely low aqua absorption level with high impact resistance	Interior	[128]
23	Composite	PP, carbon fiber	Extrusion and film blowing	High strength and stiffness along with good temperature resistance to 215°F	Interior and construction	[129]
24	Composite	PP, cementitious	Solution mixing	Better flow strength, less displacement to flow and better rheological parameters	Construction	[130]