Table 1.
Prevalence of demographic factors by serology category.
| Descriptive Variable (Chi-Square, df, p-value) | At risk | % At Risk | Immune | % Immune | Resolved infection | % Resolved Infection | IAHBc | % IAHBc | Current infection | % Current Infection | Total | % Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Totals (n = 177) | 49 | 27.7 | 38 | 21.40 | 65 | 36.70 | 13 | 7.30 | 12 | 6.80 | 177 | 100.0 |
| Mean Age (95% CI) | 48.08 | (42.74, 53.42) | 43.42 | (37.95, 48.90) | 55.6 | (52.43, 58.77) | 58.54 | (46.99, 70.09) | 50.5 | (42.00, 59.00) | 50.87 | (48.45, 53.29) |
| Categorical Age (61.86, 24, <0.001) | ||||||||||||
| 18 to 24 | 9 | 18.4 | 4 | 10.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 8.3 | 14 | 7.9 |
| 25 to 34 | 4 | 8.2 | 11 | 57.9 | 3 | 4.6 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 19 | 10.7 |
| 35 to 44 | 9 | 18.4 | 7 | 18.4 | 12 | 18.5 | 3 | 23.1 | 1 | 8.3 | 32 | 18.1 |
| 45 to 54 | 7 | 14.3 | 7 | 18.4 | 11 | 16.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 60.0 | 31 | 17.5 |
| 55 to 64 | 9 | 18.4 | 3 | 7.9 | 22 | 33.8 | 5 | 38.5 | 3 | 25.0 | 42 | 23.7 |
| 65 to 74 | 6 | 12.2 | 5 | 13.2 | 12 | 18.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 8.3 | 24 | 13.6 |
| 75+ | 5 | 10.2 | 1 | 2.6 | 5 | 7.7 | 4 | 30.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | 8.5 |
| Sex (1.90, 4, 0.755) | ||||||||||||
| Female | 32 | 65.3 | 23 | 60.5 | 38 | 58.5 | 6 | 46.2 | 8 | 66.7 | 107 | 60.5 |
| Male | 17 | 34.7 | 15 | 39.5 | 27 | 41.5 | 7 | 53.8 | 4 | 33.3 | 70 | 39.5 |
| Race (15.40, 8, 0.052) | ||||||||||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 11 | 22.4 | 19 | 50.0 | 18 | 27.7 | 2 | 15.4 | 1 | 8.3 | 51 | 28.8 |
| Hispanic | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.5 |
| Black | 37 | 75.5 | 19 | 50.0 | 47 | 72.3 | 11 | 84.6 | 11 | 91.7 | 125 | 70.6 |
| Education (34.05, 20, 0.026) | ||||||||||||
| Less than High School | 13 | 26.5 | 6 | 15.8 | 14 | 21.5 | 3 | 23.1 | 5 | 41.7 | 41 | 23.2 |
| High School Diploma or GED | 13 | 26.5 | 8 | 21.1 | 26 | 40.0 | 6 | 46.2 | 5 | 41.7 | 58 | 32.8 |
| Technical/Vocational Training | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 4.6 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 28.8 |
| Some College | 4 | 8.2 | 1 | 2.6 | 3 | 4.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 4.5 |
| College Degree | 15 | 30.6 | 13 | 34.2 | 13 | 20.0 | 2 | 15.4 | 2 | 16.7 | 45 | 25.4 |
| Graduate Degree | 1 | 2.0 | 10 | 26.3 | 5 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 16 | 9 |
| Missing | 2 | 4.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 2.3 |
| Vaccinated for HBV (5.87, 8, 0.55) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 5 | 10.2 | 8 | 21.1 | 8 | 12.3 | 2 | 15.4 | 2 | 16.7 | 25 | 14.1 |
| No | 37 | 75.5 | 23 | 60.5 | 42 | 64.6 | 9 | 69.2 | 10 | 83.3 | 121 | 68.4 |
| Unsure | 7 | 14.3 | 7 | 18.4 | 15 | 23.1 | 2 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 31 | 17.5 |
| Health Insurance (6.00, 4, 0.199) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 34 | 69.4 | 22 | 57.9 | 33 | 50.8 | 9 | 69.2 | 5 | 41.7 | 103 | 58.2 |
| No | 15 | 30.6 | 16 | 42.1 | 32 | 49.2 | 4 | 30.8 | 7 | 58.3 | 74 | 41.8 |
| Regular HCP (0.17, 4, 0.996) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 31 | 63.3 | 23 | 60.5 | 39 | 60.0 | 8 | 61.5 | 7 | 58.3 | 108 | 61 |
| No | 18 | 36.7 | 15 | 39.5 | 26 | 40.0 | 5 | 38.5 | 5 | 41.7 | 69 | 39 |
| Saw HCP in the Past Year (2.56, 4, 0.634) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 38 | 77.6 | 28 | 73.7 | 42 | 64.6 | 9 | 69.2 | 9 | 75.0 | 126 | 71.2 |
| No | 11 | 22.4 | 10 | 26.3 | 23 | 35.4 | 4 | 30.8 | 3 | 25.0 | 51 | 28.8 |
| Year arrived in the US (42.23, 20, 0.003) | ||||||||||||
| Missing or Does Not Apply | 23 | 46.9 | 6 | 15.8 | 7 | 10.8 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 37 | 20.9 |
| Before 1990 | 3 | 6.1 | 4 | 10.5 | 7 | 10.8 | 2 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 16 | 9 |
| 1990–1999 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 10.5 | 9 | 13.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 8.3 | 14 | 7.9 |
| 2000–2009 | 6 | 12.2 | 6 | 18.8 | 15 | 23.1 | 5 | 38.5 | 5 | 41.7 | 37 | 20.9 |
| 2010–2019 | 11 | 22.4 | 11 | 28.9 | 17 | 26.2 | 4 | 30.8 | 4 | 33.3 | 47 | 26.6 |
| After 2020 | 6 | 12.2 | 7 | 18.4 | 10 | 15.4 | 1 | 7.7 | 2 | 16.7 | 26 | 14.7 |
| Tested for HBV in the Past (5.25, 8, 0.73) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 13 | 26.5 | 12 | 31.6 | 19 | 29.2 | 2 | 15.4 | 5 | 41.7 | 51 | 28.8 |
| No | 27 | 55.1 | 19 | 50.0 | 33 | 50.8 | 7 | 53.8 | 7 | 58.3 | 93 | 52.5 |
| Don't Know | 9 | 18.4 | 7 | 18.4 | 13 | 20.0 | 4 | 30.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 33 | 18.6 |
| Past Hepatitis B Resultsa (20.16, 12, 0.064) | ||||||||||||
| Positive | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 16.7 | 3 | 2.1 |
| Negative | 10 | 25.0 | 9 | 29.0 | 16 | 30.8 | 1 | 11.1 | 1 | 8.3 | 37 | 25.7 |
| Don't Know Result | 3 | 7.5 | 3 | 9.7 | 2 | 3.8 | 1 | 11.1 | 2 | 16.7 | 11 | 7.6 |
| Never Done | 27 | 67.5 | 19 | 61.3 | 33 | 63.5 | 7 | 77.8 | 7 | 58.3 | 93 | 64.6 |
| Family Members with HBV (7.56, 8, 0.477) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 2.1 | 5 | 13.2 | 4 | 6.2 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 6.3 |
| No | 42 | 87.5 | 28 | 73.7 | 54 | 83.1 | 10 | 76.9 | 9 | 75.0 | 143 | 81.3 |
| Not Sure | 5 | 10.4 | 5 | 13.2 | 7 | 10.8 | 2 | 15.4 | 3 | 25.0 | 22 | 12.5 |
| Which Family Member has HBV (19.15, 16, 0.261) | ||||||||||||
| Spouse | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 2 | 50.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 25 |
| Sibling | 1 | 100.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 25 |
| Child | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 1 | 8.3 |
| Aunt/Uncle | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 20.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 8.3 |
| Nephew/Niece | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 40.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 1 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 33.3 |
| Household HBV (13.54, 8, 0.095) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 2.0 | 2 | 5.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 18.2 | 5 | 2.9 |
| No | 44 | 89.8 | 33 | 89.2 | 57 | 91.9 | 11 | 84.6 | 8 | 72.7 | 153 | 89 |
| Don't Know | 4 | 8.2 | 2 | 5.4 | 5 | 8.1 | 2 | 15.4 | 1 | 9.1 | 14 | 8.1 |
| Family Members with HCC (12.23, 12, 0.428) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 8.2 | 2 | 5.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.7 | 1 | 8.3 | 8 | 4.5 |
| No | 37 | 75.5 | 31 | 81.6 | 55 | 84.6 | 10 | 76.9 | 9 | 75.0 | 142 | 80.2 |
| Don't Know | 3 | 6.1 | 1 | 2.6 | 2 | 3.1 | 2 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 4.5 |
| Did Not Answer | 5 | 10.2 | 4 | 10.5 | 8 | 12.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 16.7 | 19 | 10.7 |
| Region of Origin (55.50, 12, <0.001) | ||||||||||||
| Country of Origin (135.85, 96, 0.005) | ||||||||||||
| Western Pacific (WHO Region) | 7 | 14.3 | 18 | 47.4 | 19 | 29.2 | 2 | 15.4 | 1 | 8.3 | 47 | 26.6 |
| Korea | 4 | 8.2 | 7 | 18.4 | 7 | 10.8 | 2 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 20 | 11.3 |
| China | 3 | 6.1 | 8 | 21.1 | 10 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 8.3 | 22 | 12.4 |
| Philippines | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Taiwan | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 2 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.7 |
| Vietnam | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Africa (WHO Region) | 19 | 38.8 | 16 | 42.1 | 42 | 64.6 | 11 | 84.6 | 11 | 91.7 | 99 | 55.9 |
| Africa (not specified) | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Sierra Leone | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Nigeria | 2 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 1.0 | 2 | 1.1 |
| Benin | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.1 |
| Mauritania | 2 | 4.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.7 |
| Guinea | 1 | 2.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 5 | 7.7 | 1 | 7.7 | 3 | 25.0 | 11 | 6.2 |
| Senegal | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Ivory Coast | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 7.7 | 1 | 8.3 | 4 | 2.3 |
| Mali | 6 | 12.2 | 6 | 15.8 | 16 | 24.6 | 1 | 7.7 | 2 | 16.7 | 31 | 17.5 |
| Burkina Faso | 2 | 4.1 | 2 | 5.3 | 7 | 10.8 | 2 | 15.4 | 2 | 16.7 | 15 | 8.5 |
| Niger | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Liberia | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 6 | 9.2 | 3 | 23.1 | 2 | 16.7 | 12 | 6.8 |
| Ethiopia | 4 | 8.2 | 2 | 5.3 | 2 | 3.1 | 2 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 5.6 |
| Togo | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 8.3 | 2 | 1.1 |
| Kenya | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 2.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Cameroon | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Southeast Asia (WHO Region) | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Pakistan | 1 | 2.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Americas (WHO Region) | 22 | 44.9 | 4 | 10.5 | 4 | 6.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 30 | 16.9 |
| United States | 22 | 44.9 | 4 | 10.5 | 3 | 4.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 29 | 16.4 |
| Grenada | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Primary Language (68.26, 44, 0.011) | ||||||||||||
| Cantonese | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Mandarin | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 8.3 | 5 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 8 | 4.6 |
| Chinese (dialect not specified) | 3 | 6.3 | 4 | 0.0 | 6 | 9.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | 7.5 |
| Korean | 3 | 6.3 | 6 | 16.7 | 5 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 8.1 |
| French | 8 | 16.7 | 5 | 13.9 | 22 | 33.8 | 5 | 38.5 | 5 | 45.5 | 45 | 26 |
| Mandingo | 3 | 6.3 | 3 | 8.3 | 5 | 7.7 | 1 | 7.7 | 1 | 9.1 | 13 | 7.5 |
| Bambara | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 9.1 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Soninke | 1 | 2.1 | 1 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 9.1 | 3 | 1.7 |
| Fulani | 2 | 4.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 9.1 | 5 | 2.9 |
| Amharic | 4 | 8.3 | 2 | 5.6 | 2 | 3.1 | 2 | 15.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 5.8 |
| Kru | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| English | 24 | 50.0 | 12 | 33.3 | 17 | 26.2 | 4 | 30.8 | 2 | 18.2 | 59 | 34.1 |
| Pregnancy Status (Female only) | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 5.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 2.8 |
| No | 30 | 93.8 | 20 | 87.0 | 37 | 94.9 | 6 | 100.0 | 8 | 100.0 | 101 | 93.5 |
| Don't Know | 1 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.9 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 13.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 2.8 |
HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCP, health care provider; IAHBc, Isolated anti-hepatitis B core; WHO, World Health Organization.
a
n = 144 omitted those who don't know if they tested before.