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. 2024 Jan 2;14:188. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50761-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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X-ray diffraction patterns of representative specimens after SW immersion (red) and with no immersion applied (black). Notes: K – calcium silicate hydrate Ca_1.5SiO_3.5∙xH₂O (PDF No 33-306); Cp – clinoptilolite (Na,K,Ca)₆(Si,Al)₃₆O₇₂∙20H₂O (25-1349); H – heulandite CaAl₂Si₇O₁₈∙6H₂O (19-212); Cc – calcium carbonate CaCO₃ (72-1937); P – calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂ (84-1265); Fr – Friedel’s salt Ca₂Al(OH)₆Cl·2H₂O (78-1219); E – Ettringite 6CaO·Al₂O₃·3SO₃·32H₂O (72-646); A – Alite 54CaO·16SiO₂·Al₂O₃·MgO (13-272); D – Larnite 2CaO·SiO₂ (83-461); Q – Quartz SiO₂ (83-2465); Ca – Calcium aluminium oxide carbonate hydrate Ca₄Al₂O₆ CO₃ 11H₂O (No 41-219).