Table 2.

Means for all starling measurements in this study organized by region (North America, native range, New Zealand), derived from raw data for museum specimens, and corrected values for fresh specimens (to account for potential shrinkage and enable comparison with data from historical specimens).

Means (raw data)	Beak length (mm)	Tarsus length (mm)	Distal beak Length (mm)	Proximal beak length (mm)	Wing length (mm)
North America (NA) all	26.42	27.85	18.25	8.17	123.10
NA museum skins	25.88	28.65	18.37	7.52	123.55
NA, USDA 2017	27.33	26.68	18.09	9.24	122.63
NA, USDA 2020—Arizona	25.20	27.54	18.06	7.14	120.19
NA 1890–1910	25.02	28.53	18.16	6.85	123.96
NA, USDA 2017, East	27.62	26.95	18.28	9.34	123.34
NA, USDA 2017, Central	27.51	26.94	18.16	9.35	122.70
NA, USDA 2017, West	27.37	26.53	17.94	9.43	122.37
NA, USDA 2017, North	27.55	26.90	18.14	9.41	123.10
NA, USDA 2017, South	27.28	26.46	17.97	9.31	121.62
Native Range all	24.84	29.42	17.83	7.01	126.20
Native range museum skins	24.90	29.86	17.61	7.29	125.24
Native range Europe only	24.65	29.81	17.47	7.18	125.04
Native range Asia only	26.25	30.08	18.37	7.88	126.33
Native range 1890–1910	24.79	30.12	17.68	7.11	125.89
Native range modern UK	24.73	28.62	18.25	6.48	127.97
New Zealand	24.77	28.50	16.49	8.28	123.82

T-Tests (two-tailed)	Beak length	Tarsus length	Distal beak length	Proximal beak length	Wing length
North America (1890–1910) Native range (1890–1910)	0.408	< 0.001	0.046	0.265	0.036
North America (2016, 2017, 2020) Native range UK (2021, 2022)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.112	< 0.001	< 0.001

P-values from T-tests comparing means between two populations, non-significant values in italics.

Significant values are in bold.