Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study subjects according to sarcopenia status.

	Sarcopenia defined SMI by ASM/BMI			Sarcopenia defined SMI by ASM/Wt
	No sarcopenia (n = 9947)	Sarcopenia (n = 1509)	P value	No sarcopenia (n = 7872)	Sarcopenia (n = 3584)	P value
Age (years)	44.81 ± 16.81	59.43 ± 17.68	< 0.001	42.32 ± 15.94	56.43 ± 17.28	< 0.001
Gender (%)			0.003			0.246
Male	50.88	46.79		49.97	51.14
Female	49.12	53.21		50.03	48.86
Race (%)			< 0.001			< 0.001
Non-Hispanic White	49.54	43.54		45.39	56.14
Non-Hispanic Black	21.63	2.72		25.14	5.97
Mexican American	20.89	44.27		20.76	31.03
Other Hispanic	4.20	5.63		4.69	3.74
Other ethnicity	3.73	3.84		4.03	3.12
Education (%)			< 0.001			< 0.001
Lower than high school	25.99	48.21		26.43	34.36
High school	23.38	21.91		22.72	24.22
More than high school	50.63	29.88		50.85	41.42
Physical activity (%)			< 0.001			< 0.001
Sedentary	20.56	35.12		20.43	26.98
Low	27.76	30.09		27.18	29.99
Moderate	19.03	15.24		18.66	18.25
High	32.65	19.55		33.73	24.78
Total protein (g/dL)	7.36 ± 0.48	7.33 ± 0.49	0.101	7.38 ± 0.48	7.29 ± 0.48	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)	200.22 ± 42.08	208.24 ± 43.77	< 0.001	198.25 ± 42.15	207.92 ± 42.16	< 0.001
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	52.34 ± 15.61	51.66 ± 15.58	0.058	53.11 ± 15.72	50.43 ± 15.21	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	139.33 ± 121.69	168.93 ± 162.92	< 0.001	131.95 ± 117.03	168.01 ± 147.02	< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	14.43 ± 1.50	14.33 ± 1.51	0.004	14.38 ± 1.51	14.49 ± 1.48	0.002
Serum albumin (g/dL)	4.32 ± 0.33	4.21 ± 0.33	< 0.001	4.35 ± 0.33	4.23 ± 0.32	< 0.001
Calf circumference (cm)	38.35 ± 4.00	37.22 ± 4.33	< 0.001	37.91 ± 3.85	38.84 ± 4.44	< 0.001
Smoking status (%)						< 0.001
Non-smoker	52.22	54.21		53.76	49.67
Smoker	47.78	45.79		46.24	50.33

Mean ± SD for continuous variables and P value was calculated by Kruskal–Wallis test. % for Categorical variables and P value was calculated by weighted chi-square test.

SMI skeletal muscle index, ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass, BMI body mass index.