Table 4.

Means and standard deviations (S.D.) of root mean squares of ensemble averaged lumbosacral (L5/S1) and thoracolumbar (T12/L1) 3D joint moments (normalized to body weight times height) by Froude number.

Froude	Axis	L5/S1	T12/L1
		Mean (S.D.)	Mean (S.D.)
0.1 (Walk)	FE	0.010 (0.003)	0.009 (0.002)
	LB	0.005 (0.002)	0.003 (0.001)
	AR	0.005 (0.001)	0.004 (0.001)
0.2 (Walk)	FE	0.011 (0.003)	0.009 (0.002)
	LB	0.007 (0.002)	0.003 (0.001)
	AR	0.006 (0.001)	0.005 (0.001)
0.3 (Walk)	FE	0.012 (0.003)	0.009 (0.002)
	LB	0.009 (0.003)	0.004 (0.001)
	AR	0.007 (0.001)	0.006 (0.001)
0.6 (Run)	FE	0.028 (0.012)	0.020 (0.007)
	LB	0.016 (0.005)	0.009 (0.003)
	AR	0.022 (0.005)	0.018 (0.005)
0.8 (Run)	FE	0.030 (0.013)	0.021 (0.007)
	LB	0.018 (0.005)	0.009 (0.002)
	AR	0.024 (0.005)	0.020 (0.005)
1.0 (Run)	FE	0.033 (0.014)	0.022 (0.008)
	LB	0.019 (0.006)	0.010 (0.003)
	AR	0.026 (0.006)	0.022 (0.006)

FE = flexion–extension; LB = lateral bending; AR = axial rotation.