Table 8.
Means and standard deviations (S.D.) of root mean squares of ensemble averaged lumbosacral (L5/S1) and thoracolumbar (T12/L1) 3D joint reaction forces (normalized to body weight) by Froude number.
| Froude | Axis | L5/S1 | T12/L1 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (S.D.) | Mean (S.D.) | ||
| 0.1 (Walk) | Comp | 0.992 (0.121) | 0.665 (0.078) |
| AP shear | 0.291 (0.086) | 0.111 (0.001) | |
| ML shear | 0.030 (0.021) | 0.024 (0.007) | |
| 0.2 (Walk) | Comp | 1.076 (0.088) | 0.711 (0.064) |
| AP shear | 0.322 (0.075) | 0.109 (0.012) | |
| ML shear | 0.034 (0.013) | 0.031 (0.009) | |
| 0.3 (Walk) | Comp | 1.165 (0.095) | 0.762 (0.064) |
| AP shear | 0.361 (0.088) | 0.112 (0.018) | |
| ML shear | 0.045 (0.016) | 0.036 (0.009) | |
| 0.6 (Run) | Comp | 2.274 (0.397) | 1.398 (0.260) |
| AP shear | 0.710 (0.219) | 0.103 (0.061) | |
| ML shear | 0.092 (0.076) | 0.086 (0.015) | |
| 0.8 (Run) | Comp | 2.436 (0.351) | 1.474 (0.235) |
| AP shear | 0.770 (0.216) | 0.099 (0.049) | |
| ML shear | 0.110 (0.095) | 0.093 (0.017) | |
| 1.0 (Run) | Comp | 2.520 (0.353) | 1.523 (0.241) |
| AP shear | 0.799 (0.204) | 0.105 (0.045) | |
| ML shear | 0.116 (0.100) | 0.102 (0.020) |
Comp, compression; AP, anteroposterior; ML,  mediolateral.