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. 2024 Jan 2;14:121. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-50279-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic diagram shows the workflow of the production for CDVs and EVs. CDVs and EVs were produced from HEK293 cells. Cells were passed through membrane filters with different pore sizes using an intermediate-scale extruder, ES50, for CDV production. EVs were isolated from the conditioned medium from the same parental cells. CDVs and EVs were subjected to the same purification methods and then analyzed for proteome profiles. The most abundant CDV protein markers were identified and compared to the EV markers using various analytical methods.