Fig. 4. Deposition of lactylation is cell-type specific.

a Diagram depicting dissection of posterior embryonic tissue containing PSM cells. CUT&RUN for PanKla was performed on PSM tissue and the lactylation signature was compared to that of NCCs. b Volcano plot of differential lactylation peaks between NC and PSM cells. Genes associated with lactylation peaks are labeled on the plot. Significant (FDR < 0.05) lactylation peaks enriched in NCCs are labeled in blue whereas lactylation peaks enriched in PSM cells are labeled in purple (log₂Fold Change cutoff set to 1.5 in both directions, DiffBind concentration score >3). Differential accessibility analysis was performed using the DBA_EDGER method within the R package DiffBind. c Genome browser tracks showing NCC and PSM PanKla CUT&RUNs as well as PSM H3K27ac CUT&RUN (Supplementary Fig. 5D–F) at the SNAI2 locus. d Dot plot displaying a subset of significant (FDR < 0.05) results from the gene ontology enrichment analysis of genes associated with NCC or PSM enriched peaks. Results obtained by using the enrichGO() function of the R package clusterProfiler to run a gene ontology over-representation test. e Scatterplot of chromVAR results showing the differential enrichment of transcription factor binding motifs in NC and PSM cells. Axes represent the average deviation z-score of lactylation peaks containing specific motifs in both NCC and PSM samples. Color indicates the variability score of a specific motif in the differential analysis peakset. RefSeq gene annotation tracks are used to visualize genes in genome browser panels. Non-curated non-coding RNA annotations are not displayed.