Table 3.

Main features of previous studies.

Pub.	Considerations	Optimization techniques	Objective function
118 (2021)	Arrival pattern of vehicles Irregular solar photovoltaic power Management of energy storage systems The costs of investments, operations, upkeep, and penalties	AMPL with a Gurobi solver	Profit maximization
115 (2022)	Electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) and distributed generators (DG) G2V and V2G operation modes	PSO, or simultaneous particle swarm optimization	Minimizing power losses
104 (2022)	Distribution network facilities for DG units, battery energy storage systems (BESS) units, and EVCS facilities Uncertainties related to load usage, solar irradiance, and power costs	Reinforcement learning (RL)-based algorithm Multi-stage, hybrid optimization scheme	Minimization of power losses Voltage fluctuations Operation and maintenance cost CO2 emission cost
121 (2021)	The optimum possible configuration of the imbalanced redial distribution scheme for the EVCS	Particle Swarm Optimization technique (PSO)	Reducing costs associated with installing and erecting tie-lines
122 (2021)	Taking EV load uncertainty, grid-connected EVCS with renewable energy sources (RES) planning is investigated	HOMER software	Maximizing RES utilization. Minimizing the construction cost The grid’s fluctuating electricity supply
112 (2021)	The grid’s and electric vehicle owners’ connected benefit	Voronoi diagram combined with improved PSO	Minimizing the social cost
117 (2013)	Environmental issues and service radius of EVCS	Modified primal–dual interior point algorithm	Minimizing grid loss
123 (2018)	A combination of multi-type charging facilities	Mixed integer second-order cone programming	Minimizing the social cost of the whole charging system
105 (2017)	Optimal placement/sizing of EVCS in the city of Allahabad	Hybrid algorithm based on genetic algorithm and PSO	Reducing the cost of developing, constructing, and maintaining
106 (2015)	Grid voltage profile The day-ahead load characteristic’s hourly peak demand ratio, wind speed, and sun irradiation	A differential evolution algorithm	Minimizing power losses Charging costs of EVs
120 (2014)	Stations for fast battery swapping and charging in distribution networks	A modified differential evolution algorithm	Maximization of net present value
112 (2018)	The location and sizing of FCSs and distributed generations (DGs), considering constraints like the proportion of EVs in each zone and the maximum number of FCSs possible given the planned system’s road and electrical infrastructure	A mixed integer non-linear problem (MINLP) and Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II)	Minimize of the investment cost of CSs and DG units voltage deviation, and power losses
110 (2020)	The integration of natural gas, transportation, and active distribution networks Strategies of renewable energy generation and the effect of traffic flow	A mixed-integer nonlinear program problem	Environmental performance
114 (2021)	Uncertainty in PV, wind, and load power	Bi-level met heuristic-based solution The grey wolf optimization (GWO)	Maximizing RES and EV decision variables
107 (2020)	Static, dynamic, and heuristic on balanced radial distribution system	Multiple objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO)	Minimizing losses Reliability of the system thermal stability
116 (2021)	Reactive power compensation effect	A hybrid of grey wolf optimization and PSO	Minimizing the active power loss Maximizing the net profit
111 (2022)	The user’s satisfaction and the ease of charging are considered	An immune algorithm	Maximum electric vehicle user satisfaction
124 (2022)	Three types of flooding are considered: riverine flooding, sea-level rise-induced chronic flooding, and coastal flooding brought on by hurricanes	Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-III (NSGA-III) and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS)	Decrease the charging convenience Decrease the impact of flood hazards
119 (2022)	A planning strategy for PV/storage fast charging stations that considers demand response	Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II)	Maximizing the revenue from fees paid to service providers Minimizing the total charging time of EVs
113 (2020)	Both traffic and the power distribution grid, the constraints of safe and stable grid operation	A linearized generalized Bender’s decomposition algorithm	Maximizing the profit
102 (2021)	Convenience for EV users, station economic profit, the effect on distribution systems, and the impact on the environment	Multi-objective binary and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm	Minimizing queuing time, station economy
103 (2023)	A hybrid nuclear-renewable energy system Emission COE, GHG emissions, O&M cost, and ROI	HOMERPro software	Minimizing the cost of different emissions, O&M, and ROI