Table 2.
General characteristics in included ICU patients stratified by chronic opioid use during the first six months after ICU care.
| No chronic opioid use | Chronic opioid use | |
|---|---|---|
| Count | 30 150 | 4050 |
| Age categories | ||
| 18–45 | 1780 (5.0) | 296 (7.3) |
| 46–60 | 5735 (19.0) | 1085 (26.8) |
| 61–70 | 10 115 (33.5) | 1385 (34.2) |
| 71–80 | 12 209 (33.9) | 1081 (26.7) |
| 80- | 2311 (7.7) | 203 (5.0) |
| Male, count (%) | 22 180 (73.5) | 2620 (64.7) |
| Income categories, count (%) | ||
| Low | 2943 (9.8) | 480 (11.9) |
| Medium | 24 549 (81.7) | 3288 (81.6) |
| High | 2557 (8.5) | 262 (6.5) |
| Education level, count (%) | ||
| Low | 9539 (32.1) | 1264 (31.8) |
| Medium | 12 696 (42.7) | 1884 (47.4) |
| High | 7480 (25.2) | 823 (20.7) |
| CCI categories, count (%) | ||
| CCI 0 | 8870 (29.4) | 878 (21.7) |
| CCI 1 | 9658 (32.0) | 1141 (28.2) |
| CCI > 1 | 11 622 (38.5) | 2031 (50.1) |
| Psychiatric comorbidity, count (%) | 1584 (5.3) | 460 (11.4) |
| Substance abuse, count (%) | 532 (1.8) | 197 (4.9) |
| Opioid use 6 months pre-ICU | 3023 (10.0) | 1787 (44.1) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 8840 (29.3) | 1329 (32.8) |
| Congestive heart failure | 5708 (18.9) | 859 (21.2) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4423 (14.7) | 734 (18.1) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2575 (8.5) | 371 (9.2) |
| Dementia | 59 (0.2) | 11 (0.3) |
| COPD | 3004 (10.0) | 735 (18.1) |
| Rheumatoid disease | 983 (3.3) | 207 (5.1) |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 488 (1.6) | 116 (2.9) |
| Mild liver disease | 353 (1.2) | 129 (3.2) |
| Moderate/severe liver disease | 92 (0.3) | 15 (0.4) |
| Diabetes w/o complications | 6125 (20.3) | 1061 (26.2) |
| Diabetes with complications | 1678 (5.6) | 358 (8.8) |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 199 (0.7) | 36 (0.9) |
| Renal disease | 1253 (4.2) | 212 (5.2) |
| Cancer | 2746 (9.1) | 489 (12.1) |
| Metastatic cancer | 238 (0.8) | 72 (1.8) |
| AIDS | 29 (0.1) | 9 (0.2) |
| ICU length of stay, days | ||
| 0–2 | 22 146 (73.5) | 2791 (68.9) |
| 3–7 | 6427 (21.3) | 1033 (25.5) |
| > 7 | 1577 (5.2) | 226 (5.6) |
| Surgery | ||
| Acute care | 1891 (6.3) | 310 (7.7) |
| Elective | 26 692 (88.5) | 3487 (86.1) |
| No surgery | 1567 (5.2) | 253 (6.2) |
| ICU admission year | ||
| 2010–2011 | 6684 (22.2) | 1022 (25.2) |
| 2012–2013 | 6564 (21.8) | 869 (21.5) |
| 2014–2015 | 6294 (20.9) | 860 (21.2) |
| 2016–2018 | 10 608 (35.2) | 1299 (32.1) |
Categorical parameters are presented as n (%), continuous parameters as median with interquartile range (IQR), CCI Charlson comorbidity index, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome, ICU intensive care unit.