Table 3.

Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses, associations with chronic opioid use presented as OR (95% CI).

	Univariate	P value	Multivariable	P value
Age categories
18–45	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
46–60	1.14 (0.99–1.31)	0.069	1.05 (0.90–1.22)	0.54
61–70	0.82 (0.72–0.94)	0.005	0.73 (0.63–0.85)	< 0.001
71–80	0.64 (0.55–0.73)	< 0.001	0.53 (0.45–0.62)	< 0.001
80-	0.53 (0.44–0.64)	< 0.001	0.38 (0.31–0.47)	< 0.001
Male	0.66 (0.61–0.71)	< 0.001	0.70 (0.65–0.76)	< 0.001
Income categories
Low	Ref.		Ref.
Medium	0.82 (0.74–0.91)	< 0.001	0.91 (0.81–1.02)	0.11
High	0.63 (0.54–0.74)	< 0.001	0.81 (0.68–0.97)	0.022
Education level
Low	Ref.		Ref.
Medium	1.12 (1.04–1.21)	0.004	1.06 (0.97–1.15)	0.18
High	0.83 (0.76–0.91)	< 0.001	0.87 (0.79–0.97)	0.01
CCI categories
CCI 0	Ref.		Ref.
CCI 1	1.19 (1.09–1.31)	< 0.001	1.15 (1.05–1.27)	0.004
CCI > 1	1.77 (1.62–1.92)	< 0.001	1.58 (1.44–1.73)	< 0.001
Psychiatric comorbidity	2.31 (2.07–2.58)	< 0.001	1.50 (1.32–1.70)	< 0.001
Substance abuse	2.85 (2.41–3.36)	< 0.001	1.70 (1.40–2.06)	< 0.001
Opioid use 6 months pre-ICU	7.09 (6.59–7.62)	< 0.001	6.59 (6.11–7.11)	< 0.001
ICU length of stay, days
0–2	Ref.		Ref.
3–7	1.28 (1.18–1.38)	< 0.001	1.14 (1.04–1.24)	0.003
> 7	1.14 (0.98–1.31)	0.082	0.82 (0.70–0.97)	0.02
Surgery
No surgery	Ref.		Ref.
Elective	0.81 (0.71–0.93)	0.003	1.00 (0.86–1.17)	0.97
Acute care	1.02 (0.85–1.21)	0.87	1.05 (0.86–1.27)	0.65
ICU admission year
2010–2011	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.	Ref.
2012–2013	0.87 (0.79–0.95)	0.003	0.90 (0.81–1.00)	0.06
2014–2015	0.89 (0.81–0.98)	0.023	0.95 (0.85–1.05)	0.32
2016–2018	0.80 (0.73–0.87)	< 0.001	0.84 (0.77–0.93)	< 0.001

CCI Charlson comorbidity index; ICU intensive care unit.