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. 2023 Nov 20;3(1):100188. doi: 10.1016/j.jacig.2023.100188

Table II.

Predictors for persistent poor asthma control over 5 y

Persistent poor asthma control over 5 y No Yes P value
No. of patients 240 66
Age (y), median (Q1, Q3) 59.0 (36.5, 71.0) 60.5 (48.8, 72.0) .315
Age of onset (y), median (Q1, Q3) 25.5 (10.0, 46.0) 33.5 (15.0, 44.8) .491
Sex, n (%) .150
 Female 134 (55.8) 44 (66.7)
 Male 106 (44.2) 22 (33.3)
Race, n (%) .744
 Chinese 140 (58.3) 39 (59.1)
 Indian 40 (16.7) 14 (21.2)
 Malay 45 (18.8) 10 (15.2)
 Others 15 (6.3) 3 (4.5)
Smoker, n (%) .428
 Ex-smoker 23 (9.6) 10 (15.2)
 Never 184 (76.7) 48 (72.7)
 Current 33 (13.8) 8 (12.1)
BMI (kg/m2), median (Q1, Q3) 24.8 (22.1, 28.8) 26.8 (23.7, 31.8) .022
Pre-BD FEV1% predicted, median (Q1, Q3) 72.0 (57.0, 87.0) 69.5 (54.3, 84.0) .747
ACT score, median (Q1, Q3) 19.0 (16.0, 21.0) 17.0 (15.0, 20.0) .010
Frequent exacerbator past year, n (%) 116 (48.3) 42 (63.6) .039
Eosinophil count (×109/L), median (Q1, Q3) 0.400 (0.205, 0.675) 0.500 (0.330, 0.780) .029
IgE (IU/mL), median (Q1, Q3) 287 (93.5, 691) 335 (164, 645) .648
Feno (ppb), median (Q1, Q3) 24.5 (13.8, 47.3) 27.0 (21.5, 39.5) .99
T2-high SA, n (%) 165 (68.8) 58 (87.9) .003
Near-fatal asthma, n (%) 19 (7.9) 6 (9.1) .956
HRCT, n (%) 97 (40.4) 49 (74.2) <.001
Bronchiectasis, n (%) 7 (7.2) 8 (16.3) .006
Anxiety, n (%) 8 (3.3) 5 (7.6) .318
Depression, n (%) 8 (3.3) 6 (9.1) .140
Eczema, n (%) 19 (7.9) 4 (6.1) .808
GERD, n (%) 37 (15.4) 29 (43.9) <.001
Allergic rhinitis, n (%) 143 (59.6) 41 (62.1) .933
Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) 4 (1.7) 4 (6.1) .140
GINA treatment, n (%) .226
 Step 4 162 (67.5) 37 (56.1)
 Step 5 78 (32.5) 29 (43.9)
Long-term oral steroids, n (%) 8 (3.3) 5 (7.6) .318
Biologics, n (%) 0 (0) 3 (4.5) .004
Baseline inhaled corticosteroid dose (μg/d fluticasone-equivalent) 500 (320, 1000) 570 (360, 1000) .527
Anticholinergic, n (%) 14 (5.8) 10 (15.2) .045
Leukotriene receptor antagonist, n (%) 125 (52.1) 31 (47.0) .763
Theophylline, n (%) 40 (16.7) 15 (22.7) .525
ASSESS score 9.00 (8.00, 11.0) 11.0 (9.00, 12.0) .007

Pre-BD, Prebronchodilator. Bold indicates variables with P < .05.