Table II.
Predictors for persistent poor asthma control over 5 y
| Persistent poor asthma control over 5 y | No | Yes | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of patients | 240 | 66 | |
| Age (y), median (Q1, Q3) | 59.0 (36.5, 71.0) | 60.5 (48.8, 72.0) | .315 |
| Age of onset (y), median (Q1, Q3) | 25.5 (10.0, 46.0) | 33.5 (15.0, 44.8) | .491 |
| Sex, n (%) | .150 | ||
| Female | 134 (55.8) | 44 (66.7) | |
| Male | 106 (44.2) | 22 (33.3) | |
| Race, n (%) | .744 | ||
| Chinese | 140 (58.3) | 39 (59.1) | |
| Indian | 40 (16.7) | 14 (21.2) | |
| Malay | 45 (18.8) | 10 (15.2) | |
| Others | 15 (6.3) | 3 (4.5) | |
| Smoker, n (%) | .428 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 23 (9.6) | 10 (15.2) | |
| Never | 184 (76.7) | 48 (72.7) | |
| Current | 33 (13.8) | 8 (12.1) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (Q1, Q3) | 24.8 (22.1, 28.8) | 26.8 (23.7, 31.8) | .022 |
| Pre-BD FEV1% predicted, median (Q1, Q3) | 72.0 (57.0, 87.0) | 69.5 (54.3, 84.0) | .747 |
| ACT score, median (Q1, Q3) | 19.0 (16.0, 21.0) | 17.0 (15.0, 20.0) | .010 |
| Frequent exacerbator past year, n (%) | 116 (48.3) | 42 (63.6) | .039 |
| Eosinophil count (×109/L), median (Q1, Q3) | 0.400 (0.205, 0.675) | 0.500 (0.330, 0.780) | .029 |
| IgE (IU/mL), median (Q1, Q3) | 287 (93.5, 691) | 335 (164, 645) | .648 |
| Feno (ppb), median (Q1, Q3) | 24.5 (13.8, 47.3) | 27.0 (21.5, 39.5) | .99 |
| T2-high SA, n (%) | 165 (68.8) | 58 (87.9) | .003 |
| Near-fatal asthma, n (%) | 19 (7.9) | 6 (9.1) | .956 |
| HRCT, n (%) | 97 (40.4) | 49 (74.2) | <.001 |
| Bronchiectasis, n (%) | 7 (7.2) | 8 (16.3) | .006 |
| Anxiety, n (%) | 8 (3.3) | 5 (7.6) | .318 |
| Depression, n (%) | 8 (3.3) | 6 (9.1) | .140 |
| Eczema, n (%) | 19 (7.9) | 4 (6.1) | .808 |
| GERD, n (%) | 37 (15.4) | 29 (43.9) | <.001 |
| Allergic rhinitis, n (%) | 143 (59.6) | 41 (62.1) | .933 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea, n (%) | 4 (1.7) | 4 (6.1) | .140 |
| GINA treatment, n (%) | .226 | ||
| Step 4 | 162 (67.5) | 37 (56.1) | |
| Step 5 | 78 (32.5) | 29 (43.9) | |
| Long-term oral steroids, n (%) | 8 (3.3) | 5 (7.6) | .318 |
| Biologics, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (4.5) | .004 |
| Baseline inhaled corticosteroid dose (μg/d fluticasone-equivalent) | 500 (320, 1000) | 570 (360, 1000) | .527 |
| Anticholinergic, n (%) | 14 (5.8) | 10 (15.2) | .045 |
| Leukotriene receptor antagonist, n (%) | 125 (52.1) | 31 (47.0) | .763 |
| Theophylline, n (%) | 40 (16.7) | 15 (22.7) | .525 |
| ASSESS score | 9.00 (8.00, 11.0) | 11.0 (9.00, 12.0) | .007 |
Pre-BD, Prebronchodilator. Bold indicates variables with P < .05.