This work is licensed under a Table 3.
Associations between sociodemographic, clinicopathologic, and treatment factors with all-cause mortality in age-stratified models among n = 6038 lung NETs, 1992–2019.
| Variable | Level | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Sex | Male | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Female | 0.59 (0.54, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.60 (0.54, 0.65) | <0.001 | 0.62 (0.57, 0.68) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.55, 0.67) | <0.001 | |
| Race/ethnicity | NH White | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Hispanic | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.34 | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 0.38 | 0.90 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.14 | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.12 | |
| NH Black | 1.18 (0.98, 1.42) | 0.073 | 1.16 (0.96, 1.39) | 0.12 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.20) | 0.95 | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 0.71 | |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) | 0.28 | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) | 0.29 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) | 0.025 | 0.69 (0.53, 0.88) | 0.003 | |
| American Indian | 1.33 (0.79, 2.22) | 0.28 | 1.32 (0.78, 2.21) | 0.29 | 1.32 (0.79, 2.21) | 0.29 | 1.98 (1.14, 3.44) | 0.013 | |
| County | Urban | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Suburban | 1.12 (1.01, 1.23) | 0.024 | 1.10 (1.0, 1.21) | 0.051 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 0.20 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 0.45 | |
| Rural | 0.83 (0.63, 1.10) | 0.19 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.08) | 0.16 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.08) | 0.16 | 0.81 (0.60, 1.10) | 0.17 | |
| Marital status | Unmarried | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Married | 0.74 (0.68, 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.67, 0.80) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.70, 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.69, 0.84) | <0.001 | |
| nSES | Quintile 1 (lowest) | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Quintile 2 | 1.00 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.94 | 1.01 (0.86, 1.18) | 0.93 | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.92 | 1.08 (0.91, 1.28) | 0.40 | |
| Quintile 3 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.28 | 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.31 | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.33 | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.72 | |
| Quintile 4 | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | 0.001 | 0.78 (0.66, 0.91) | 0.001 | 0.77 (0.66, 0.90) | 0.001 | 0.83 (0.70, 0.99) | 0.039 | |
| Quintile 5 (highest nSES) | 0.72 (0.62, 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.62, 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.62, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.80 (0.67, 0.94) | 0.008 | |
| Stage | Local | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Regional | 1.50 (1.34, 1.69) | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.31, 1.65) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.18, 1.49) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.12, 1.45) | <0.001 | |
| Distant | 3.46 (3.09, 3.88) | <0.001 | 3.43 (3.06, 3.84) | <0.001 | 2.15 (1.88, 2.44) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.82, 2.39) | <0.001 | |
| Unknown | 2.36 (1.96, 2.84) | <0.001 | 2.33 (1.93, 2.80) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.17, 1.73) | 0.001 | 1.32 (1.05, 1.65) | 0.016 | |
| Diagnosis decade | 1992-2000 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| 2001-2009 | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.66, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.71 (0.64, 0.80) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) | <0.001 | |
| 2010-2019 | 0.70 (0.62, 0.79) | <0.001 | 0.64 (0.57, 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.55, 0.72) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.57, 0.77) | <0.001 | |
| Histology | Typical carcinoid | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Atypical carcinoid | 1.86 (1.58, 2.18) | <0.001 | 1.78 (1.51, 2.09) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.52, 2.11) | <0.001 | |||
| Treatment | Surgery (no) | 1 | – | 1 | – | ||||
| Surgery (yes) | 0.48 (0.43, 0.54) | <0.001 | 0.49 (0.43, 0.55) | <0.001 | |||||
| Radiation (no) | 1 | – | 1 | – | |||||
| Radiation (yes) | 1.51 (1.28, 1.78) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.24, 1.78) | <0.001 | |||||
| Chemotherapy (no) | 1 | – | 1 | – | |||||
| Chemotherapy (yes) | 1.90 (1.60, 2.25) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.62, 2.31) | <0.001 | |||||
| Chemotherapy (unknown) | 1.85 (1.19, 2.89) | 0.006 | 2.11 (1.30, 3.41) | 0.002 | |||||
| Hormone treatment (no) | 1 | – | 1 | – | |||||
| Hormone treatment (yes) | 0.71 (0.42, 1.19) | 0.19 | 0.72 (0.43, 1.20) | 0.20 | |||||
| Immune treatment (no) | 1 | – | 1 | – | |||||
| Immune treatment (yes) | 1.81 (1.12, 2.92) | 0.015 | 1.69 (1.00, 2.85) | 0.049 | |||||
| Insurance | Private only | 1 | – | ||||||
| Medicare only or Medicare + private | 1.24 (1.10, 1.40) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Medicaid/military/other public | 1.45 (1.24, 1.68) | <0.001 | |||||||
| None/self pay | 0.68 (0.37, 1.25) | 0.21 | |||||||
Multivariable Cox regression models of overall survival. All models were stratified by age. Model 1 was adjusted for sociodemographic and basic disease characteristics, including sex, race/ethnicity, county, marital status, nSES, stage, and decade of diagnosis. Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1, plus histology. Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in model 2, plus treatment variables. Model 4 was adjusted for the variables in model 3, plus insurance payer. Bold indicates statistical significance, P < 0.05.
aModel 4 includes only the n = 5527 cases diagnosed after 1995, when collection of insurance payer information was mandated in the California Cancer Registry.
CI, confidence interval; NH, non-Hispanic; HR, hazard ratio; nSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status.