Table 2. Effect on Neurodevelopment Outcomes Assessed at Age 24 Months.
| Outcomes | Group, mean (SD) scorea | Mean difference (98.3% CI)b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A (n = 509) | B (n = 473) | C (n = 380) | D (n = 350) | Preconception intervention (A+B) vs none (C+D) | Pregnancy intervention (A+C) vs none (B+D) | Preconception and pregnancy intervention (A) vs none (D) | |
| Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development 3 composite scorec | |||||||
| Cognitive | 95.0 (7.9) | 93.7 (8.1) | 93.9 (7.5) | 92.4 (9.5) | 1.16 (0.18 to 2.13) | 1.48 (0.49 to 2.46) | 2.60 (1.08 to 4.12) |
| Language | 93.5 (9.8) | 91.3 (10.1) | 92.2 (9.7) | 90.3 (11.7) | 1.12 (−0.10 to 2.34) | 2.29 (1.07 to 3.50) | 3.46 (1.65 to 5.27) |
| Motor | 97.4 (7.1) | 95.9 (7.2) | 96.4 (6.4) | 95.2 (8.8) | 0.87 (−0.01 to 1.75) | 1.53 (0.65 to 2.42) | 2.31 (0.93 to 3.69) |
| Socioemotional | 117.0 (15.4) | 113.3 (17.0) | 115.9 (16.1) | 111.5 (17.9) | 1.50 (−0.45 to 3.45) | 4.15 (2.18 to 6.13) | 5.55 (2.66 to 8.43) |
| Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3 score d | |||||||
| Communication | 52.0 (10.3) | 48.8 (13.3) | 51.1 (11.5) | 47.5 (13.8) | 1.05 (−0.41 to 2.52) | 3.43 (1.95 to 4.91) | 4.66 (2.49 to 6.82) |
| Gross motor | 52.8 (8.0) | 51.3 (9.0) | 52.6 (8.4) | 50.8 (9.9) | 0.25 (−0.80 to 1.30) | 1.68 (0.63 to 2.74) | 2.06 (0.47 to 3.65) |
| Fine motor | 47.0 (9.1) | 44.6 (10.4) | 45.8 (9.2) | 44.6 (10.3) | 0.50 (−0.65 to 1.65) | 1.93 (0.76 to 3.09) | 2.44 (0.76 to 4.12) |
| Problem solving | 52.0 (10.2) | 49.4 (11.5) | 50.6 (11.8) | 49.2 (11.5) | 0.71 (−0.64 to 2.05) | 2.06 (0.72 to 3.40) | 2.56 (0.66 to 4.47) |
| Personal social | 49.2 (10.4) | 47.2 (10.5) | 48.8 (10.6) | 46.3 (11.7) | 0.57 (−0.71 to 1.86) | 2.10 (0.81 to 3.38) | 2.86 (0.94 to 4.79) |
The numbers denote children who were assessed for their neurodevelopment, the secondary outcome of the previously published WINGS trial,11 at 24 months of age. Group A represents the preconception, pregnancy, and early childhood intervention; group B, only the preconception intervention; group C, only the pregnancy and early childhood intervention; and group D, control (usual care).
Adjusted for clustering for twin birth, maternal height, maternal body mass index at the time of pregnancy detection, paternal years of schooling, family income, below-the-poverty-line status, and place of delivery.
Composite scores for each domain range from 40 to 160 with a mean of 100 (SD, 15; higher scores indicate better development).
Scores in each domain range from 0 to 60 (higher scores indicate better development).