Table 2. Characteristics of Included Studies in the Systematic Review.
| Source | Country | Child | Parent | IG approach, mode of delivery, and duration of delivery | CG | Psychosocial outcomes | Time points | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHC (duration) | Age, mean (SD), y | Sample size (IG/CG), No. | Female sex, No. (%) | Male sex, No. (%) | Age, mean (SD), y | ||||||
| Askins et al,38 2009 | US | Cancer (6 wk) | 8.10 (NA) | 197 (93/104) | 197 (100) | 0 | 36.3 (NA) | Online, individual, 8 wk | F2F PSST | Parents: depression, distress, PSS, and PTS | Pre/post; 3-mo follow up |
| Asnani et al,39 2021 | Jamaica | SCD (6-12 mo) | Range, 0.5-1 | 64 (32/32) | 64 (100) | 0 | 28.8 (5.9) | F2F, multifamily group, 6 mo | UC | Parents: depression, PSS, and parenting stress | Pre/post |
| Daniel et al,40 2015 | US | SCD (lifetime) | 8.47 (2.11) | 83 (42/41) | 78 (94) | 5 (6) | 37.8 (NA) | F2F + online, multifamily group, 6 mo | WC | Parents: PSS; Children: QOL | Pre/post |
| DaWalt et al,41 2018 | US | ASD (8 y) | 15.44 (1.03) | 41 (16/25) | 36 (88) | 5 (12) | NA | F2F, multifamily group, 8 wk | WC | Parents: depression, PSS, and parenting stress; Children: social functioning; Family: parent-child conflict | Pre/post |
| Feinberg et al,42 2014 | US | ASD (5 mo) | 2.83 (0.92) | 120 (61/59) | 120 (100) | 0 | 33.5 (7.2) | F2F, individual, 8 wk | UC | Parents: depression, PSS, and parenting stress | Pre/post |
| Gerkensmeyer et al,43 2013 | US | Mental problem (1 y) | Range, 11-16 | 61 (30/31) | 59 (97) | 2 (3) | 42.7 (9.2) | F2F + online, individual, 8 wk | WC | Parents: depression, PSS, and parenting stress | Pre/post; 3, 6-mo follow-up |
| Greenley et al,44 2015 | US | IBD (3.52 y) | 14.5 (1.8) | 76 (50/26) | 71 (93) | 5 (7) | NA | Online, parent-child,8 wk | WC | Children: QOL | Pre/Post |
| McCann et al,45 2013 | Australia | First-episode psychosis (2-3 y) | Range, 15-18 | 124 (61/63) | 102 (82) | 22 (18) | 47.2 (8.3) | F2F + online, individual, 5 wk | UC | Parents: distress, parenting stress, and QOL | Pre/post; 4-mo follow-up |
| Modi et al,46 2016 | US | Epilepsy (<7 mo) | 7.4 (3.4) | 23 (11/12) | 19 (83) | 4 (17) | NA | F2F + online, parent-child, 8 wk | UC | Parents: PSS | Pre/post |
| Modi et al,47 2021 | US | Epilepsy (<8 mo) | 7.7 (3.1) | 56 (27/29) | 55 (98) | 1 (2) | NA | F2F + online, parent-child, 4 mo | UC | Children: QOL | Pre/post; 3, 6, 12-mo follow-up |
| Nansel et al,48 2009 | US | Type 1 diabetes (5.8 y) | 11.5 (NA) | 122 (60/62) | NA | NA | NA | F2F + online, parent-child, maximum of 12 mo | UC | Children: QOL; Family: parent-child conflict | Pre/post |
| Narad et al,49 2019 | US | TBI (5.8 mo) | 14.9 (2.1) | 101 (49/52) | 87 (86) | 14 (14) | NA | Online, parent-child, 6 mo | IRC | Parents: depression and distress; Family: family functioning and parent-child conflict | Pre/post |
| Palermo et al,50 2016 | US | Chronic pain (2 y) | 14.3 (1.9) | 61 (31/30) | 60 (98) | 1 (2) | 45.7 (6.8) | F2F, individual, 6-8 wk | UC | Parents: depression, distress, PSS, PTS, parenting stress, QOL, and anxiety; Children: mental problems and social functioning | Pre/post; 3-mo follow-up |
| Petranovich et al,51 2015 | US | TBI (<6 mo) | 14.9 (1.7) | 132 (65/67) | 119 (90) | 13 (10) | 42.8 (6.5) | Online, parent-child, 6 mo | IRC | Parents: depression and distress; Children: mental problems; Family: family functioning and parent-child conflict | Pre/post; 6, 12-mo follow-up |
| Phipps et al,52 2020 | US | Cancer (4-16 wk) | 8.3 (5.5) | 621 (310/311) | 549 (88) | 72 (12) | 36.9 (8.7) | Online, individual, 8 wk | F2F PSST | Parents: depression, distress, PSS, and PTS | Pre/post; 3-mo follow-up |
| Sahler et al,53 2002 | US | Cancer (2-16 wk) | 8.3 (5.5) | 92 (50/42) | 92 (100) | 0 | 36.0 (6.7) | F2F, individual, 8 wk | UC | Parents: distress and PSS | Pre/post; 3-mo follow-up |
| Sahler et al,54 2005 | US | Cancer (2-16 wk) | 7.6 (NA) | 430 (217/213) | 430 (100) | 0 | 35.5 (NA) | F2F, individual, 8 wk | UC | Parents: depression, distress, PSS, and PTS | Pre/post; 6-mo follow-up |
| Sahler et al,55 2013 | US | Cancer (2-16 wk) | 8.8 (5.9) | 309 (157/152) | 309 (100) | 0 | 37.3 (8.3) | F2F, individual, 8 wk | UC | Parents: depression, distress, PSS, and PTS | Pre/post; 3-mo follow-up |
| Seid et al,56 2010 | US | Asthma (3.6 y) | 7.3 (3.1) | 171 (87/84) | 165 (96) | 6 (4) | NA | F2F, parent-child, 6 wk | UC | Children: QOL | Pre/post; 6-mo follow-up |
| Wade et al,57 2006 | US | TBI (8.8 mo) | 10.8 (4.5) | 32 (16/16) | 24 (75) | 8 (25) | NA | F2F, parent-child, 6 mo | UC | Parents: depression, distress, and anxiety; Children: mental problems; Family: parent-child conflict | Pre/post |
| Wade et al,58 2006 | US | TBI (13.7 mo) | 10.8 (3.1) | 40 (20/20) | 36 (90) | 4 (10) | NA | Online, parent-child, 6 mo | IRC | Parents: depression, distress, PSS, and anxiety; Children: mental problems and social functioning | Pre/post |
| Wade et al,59 2012 | US | TBI (9.6 mo) | 14.3 (2.3) | 35 (16/19) | NA | NA | 41.2 (6.1) | Online, parent-child, 6 mo | IRC | Parents: depression, distress, and PSS; Children: mental problems | Pre/post |
| Wade et al,60 2019 | US | TBI (4.6 y) | 16.5 (1.1) | 150 (116/34) | 127 (85) | 23 (15) | NA | (1) Online, parent-child, 6 mo; (2) Online, parent-child, 6 mo | F2F PSST | Parents: depression and distress; Children: QOL and mental problems | Pre/post; 3-mo follow-up |
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CHC, chronic health condition; CG, control group; F2F, face-to-face; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IG, intervention group; IRC, internet resource comparison (families were encouraged to spend 1 hour each week using the internet to access information); NA, not available; Pre/post, preintervention/postintervention; PSS, problem-solving skills; PSST, problem-solving skills training; PTS, posttraumatic stress; QOL, quality of life; SCD, sickle cell disease; TBI, traumatic brain injury; UC, usual care (including routine health maintenance for pediatric chronic health conditions [medication instruction and rehabilitation care], medical consultation [various presentations and complications], and supportive care [routine psychological care and health education]); WC, wait-list control.