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Effect of communal nesting on isolation-induced USVs in the infant rat offspring. At PND 5, no differences were found in the number of USVs emitted by the male (A) and female (C) offspring. At PND 9, CN male pups vocalized less compared to SH pups (B) while no differences were found in female rats (D) (Male: PND 5: SH = 16, CN = 12; PND 9: SH = 16, CN = 12; Female: PND 5: SH = 16, CN = 12; PND 9: SH = 16, CN = 12). Data represent mean ± S.E.M. *p < 0.05 vs. SH (Student’s t-test).
