Table 2.

Summary of significantly changed urinary and serum metabolites from the rats treated with pesticides

Major metabolites		1H Chemical shifts (ppm)	DZN	DIM	CYP	MIX
Urine	Citrate	2.57, 2.69 (d)	↓*	↓*	↓	-
	2-OG	2.45, 3.01 (d)	-/↓	↓*	↓	↓
	Creatinine	3.05, 3.92 (d)	-/↓	↓*	-	↓
	3-HB	1.18 (d)	-/↓	-	↑	↑*
Serum	Isoleucine	1.26 (m)	-	↓	↓	↓
	Lactate	1.33, 4.12 (d)	-	↓	↓	↓*
	Taurine	3.25, 3.41 (d)	-/↓	↓	↑	↑
	NAC	2.13 (s)	-/↓	↑	↑	↑*

Note: s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; m, multiplet. Changes are relative to control samples: “-”, no change; “↓”, decrease; “↑”, increase. The integral values for each segmented region of chemical shift were represented for each metabolite resonance. One-way ANOVA was used to assess for statistical significance of the integral values of assigned spectral peaks among the groups. * p < 0.05, compared with the control. Abbreviations: 2-OG, 2-oxoglutarate; 3-HB, 3-hydroxybutyric acid; NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine; CYP, cypermethrin; DIM, dimethoate; DZN, diazinon; MIX, mixture of CYP, DIM, and DZN.