Table 5.

Characteristics of the included studies

Authors	Sample	Exercise protocol	Duration	GM Analysis System
Moore et al., 2022 [39]	subjects 51–78 years (n = 14)	full-body resistance training 2xwk (5 exercises, 3 sets and 10–12 repetitions, RPE 7–9)	6 weeks
Moitinho-Silva et al., 2021 [40]	healthy physically inactive subjects 21–41 years (n = 36), aerobic exercise (AE) (n = 12), strength exercise (SE) (n = 13) with control (n = 11), elite athletes for comparison (n = 13)	AE group: 30 min 3xwk running SE group: 30 min 3xwk whole-body hypertrophy strength training	6 weeks	16 S rRna GA V1/V2 region
Bycura et al., 2021 [41]	healthy students 18–33 years (n = 56), cardiorespiratory exercise (CRE) (n = 28), resistance exercise (RE) (n = 28)	CRE group: 1 h, 3xwk (2-day group cycling, 1-day rotating CRE activity) 60–90% HRmax RE group: 1 h, 3xwk full/lower/upper-body at 70–85% 1RM	8 weeks	16 S rRNA GA V4 region
Morita et al., 2019 [42]	healthy sedentary elderly women 66–75 years (n = 32), resistance exercise (RE) (n = 14), aerobic exercise (AE) (n = 18)	RE group: 1 h weekly upper-body resistance training AE group: 1 h daily brisk walking > 3 METs	12 weeks	16 S rRNA GA
Aaman et al., 2020 [43]	patients with cirrhosis (n = 34)	progressive resistance training 3xwk full-body	12 weeks	16 S rRNA GA
Szurkowska et al., 2021 [44]	young healthy men aged 22–28 years (n = 26), amateur bodybuilders (n = 11) and controls of a similar age (n = 15)	Observational study	/	PCR
Jang et al., 2019 [45]	bodybuilders (n = 15), endurance athletes (n = 15), sedentary individuals (n = 15)	Observational study	/	16 S rRna GA V3/V4 region