Table 1.

Current overview of cases of human infection and colonization with W. chitiniclastica as of March 2023. In some cases, antibiotic treatment information was not provided, so there were marked NP (not provided)

Case	Year	Age	Gender	Region	Underlying disease(s)/reason for hospital admission	Polymicrobial infection	Insect larvae/infested wounds	Antibiotic treatment	Outcome	Reference
1	2009	60	Female	Marseille, France	Neutroepenia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue	–	yes	Ceftriaxone	Survived	[71]
2	2011	70	Male	Buenos Aires, Argentina	Occlusive peripheral arteriopathy of the lower limbs/sensory impairment	–	–	Ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, ceftazidime, amikacin	Fatal	[61]
3	2015	82	Female	Guildford, UK	Recurrent falls, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, ischemic heart disease, hypercholesteraemia, osteoarthritis/found unconscious	yes	yes	Cefuroxime, metronidazole, clarithromycin, Flucoxacillin	Survived	[72]
4	2015	26	Male	Salt Lake City, USA	Morbid obesity, lymphoedema, cellulitis/progressive gangrenous changes	yes	–	Cefpodoxime	Survived	[56]
5	2015	64	Male	Tartu, Estonia	Gangrene in distal parts of the legs and amputation of the feet/admission due to an accident	yes	–	Amoxicillin/clavulanate	Survived	[31]
6	2015	47	Female	Kubang Kerian, Malaysia	Metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma, immunosuppressed	–	–	Cefoperazone	Survived	[47]
7	2015	43	Male	Trivandrum, India	Diabetes, deep ulcer, cellulitis, gangrene/progressing gangrenous changes	–	–	Cefoperaxone/sulbactam, cefpodoxime	Survived	[73]
8	2016	17	Male	Cape Town, South Africa	Soft-tissue infection due to an accident	–	–	Ceftriaxone	Survived	[81]
9	2016	72	Male	Honolulu, Hawaii, USA	Stroke, found unconscious	yes	yes	Piperacillin/tazobactam, clindamycin, vancomycin	Fatal	[42]
10	2016	69	Female	Honolulu, Hawaii, USA	Ruptured cerebral aneurysm and right hemiparesis/sacral pain and painful urination	yes	–	Ceftaroline fosamil, meropenem	Survived	[42]
11	2017	41	Female	Columbus, Ohio, USA	Abdominal pain, stage IV right ischial decubitus ulcer, bilateral leg lymphedem, congenital lumbar myelomeningocele causing paraplegiastatus post spinal fixation, extensive sacral decubitus ulcers, obesity, severe lower extremity lymphedema, Arnold Chiari malformation type II with remote ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement and neurogenic bladder with chronic indwelling Foley catheter	yes	–	Vancomycin, cefepime, metronidazol	Fatal	[43]
12	2017	43	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot, MRSA	yes	–	NP	NP	[5]
13	2017	78	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic renal failure, venous insufficiency/progressive ulceral disease	yes	–	NP	NP	[5]
14	2017	78	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot, ulcus cruris, severe obesity, chronic venous insufficiency, arterial hypertension, chronic heart failure NYHA II, progressive ulceral disease	yes	–	NP	NP	[5]
15	2017	72	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot, adiposity, thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, anticoagulation, speech disorder as consequence of a tablet, and alcohol intoxication in suicidal intent	yes	–	NP	NP	[5]
16	2018	57	Male	Washington, USA	Right ankle wet gangrene, chronic cirrhosis, lung atelectasis	–	yes	NP	NP	[54]
17	2018	75	Male	Tokyo, Japan	Squamous cell carcinoma, chronic wounds with maggots	yes	yes	Cefepime, metronidazole	Survived	[48]
18	2018	37	Male	Indianapolis, Indiana, USA	Chronic lymphedema and ulcers of the lower left extremity presented with myiasis of the left foot and leg, myasis	yes	yes	Vancomycin, clindamycin, piperacillin/tazobactam	Survived	[17]
19	2019	54	Male	Melbourne, Australia	Unconscious collapse at home, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with severe sensory and motor neuropathy, alcohol dependence, and hereditary hemochromatosis	yes	yes	Piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ciprofloxacin	Survived	[74]
20	2019	63	Male	Lexington, Kentucky, USA	Cardiac arrest, anoxic brain injury, foot ucer containing maggots, cirrhosis	yes	yes	Vancomycin, Piperacillin/tazobactam	Fatal	[41]
21	2019	87	Female	Lexington, Kentucky, USA	NP	–	yes	NP	NP	[41]
22	2020	82	Male	Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA	Fall at home with asscociated confusion, mitral valve replacement due to mitral stenosis, pe vascular diseases	yes	yes	Vancomycin, cefepime, daptomycin	Survived	[4]
23	2021	70	Male	Fargo, North Dakota, USA	B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic left temporal wound	yes	yes	Levofloxacin	Survived	[49]
24	2021	79	Female	Gmunden, Austria	End-stage lung cancer, maltnutrition	–	–	Ampicillin/sulbactam	Survived	[50]
25	2021	63	Male	Baltimore, Maryland, USA	Deep vein thrombosis, chronic venous insufficiency	–	yes	Ceftriaxone, levofloxacin	Survived	[79]
26	2021	63	Male	Brno, Czech Republic	Burn (5%), pediculosis capitis, hepatitis	yes	yes	Amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, metronidazole	Survived	[55]
27	2016	90	Male	Dresden, Germany	Tumorous skin formation (head, neck)	yes	–	NP	NP	[6]
28	2016	82	Female	Dresden, Germany	Renal failure, ulcus cruris	yes	–	NP	NP	[6]
29	2017	79	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot, MRSA screening	yes	–	Cefuroxime, levofloxacin	Survived	[6]
30	2017	43	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot, ulcus cruris	yes	–	No antibiotic treatment	Survived	[6]
31	2017	78	Female	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot	yes	–	No antibiotic treatment	Survived	[6]
32	2017	71	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot	yes	–	No antibiotic treatment	Survived	[6]
33	2017	60	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot	yes	–	NP	NP	[6]
34	2018	65	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetic foot	yes	–	NP	NP	[6]
35	2019	75	Male	Dresden, Germany	Diabetes type 2	yes	–	NP	NP	[6]
36	2019	43	Male	Dresden, Germany	NP	yes	–	NP	NP	[6]
37	2021	50	Female	Stanford, California, USA	Basal cell carcinoma, ulcers, cellulitis	–	yes	Ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid	Survived	[51]
38	2022	48	Male	Baltimore, Maryland, USA	Diabetes type 2, right-foot plantar surface wound, Osteomyelitis	yes	yes	Vancomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, linezolid, ciprofloxacin	Survived	[80]
39	2022	76	Male	Seoul, Korea	Arterial hypertension, diabetes, diabetic gangrene on distal leg, amputation of three toes	yes	–	Cephamycin, Ampicillin/sulbactam	Survived	[52]
40	2022	53	Male	Mechelen, Belgium	Incomplete spinal injury, chronic wound at the right heel, osteomyelitis	yes	–	Amoxillin/clavulanic acid	Survived	[70]
41	2022	57	Male	Ankara, Turkey	Soft-tissue infection, osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis	yes	–	Cefepime, cefpodoxime	Survived	[75]
42	2022	37	Male	Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA	Diabetes, chronic foot wound, osteomyelitis	yes	–	Piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem, daptomycin	Survived	[53]
43	2023	60	Female	Royal Oak, Michigan, USA	Liver cirrhosis, chronic venous insufficiency, malnutrion, chronic wound		yes	Vancomycin, cefepim, cefazolin	Survived	[150]