Table 3.
Characteristics of the involved studies are as follows
| Author & year | Sample type | Ethical approval | Sample size | Estimation method | Technique | Diagnostic device | Voxel size | Software used | Classification used | Calibration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dou, L., et al. [3] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 178 | Not mentioned | The extracted teeth sample were kept in sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) for one hour followed by removal of any remaining debris or calculus by scaling | (micro-CT Inveon; Siemens Medical Solutions, Knoxville, TN) micro-CT scanner | 15 μm |
Cobra software (Siemens Medical Solutions, Knoxville, TN) |
Vertucci’s | - |
| Sierra-Cristancho, A., et al. [10] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 186 | Not mentioned | The extracted samples were placed in sodium hypochlorite (5%) for 30 min to clean, then kept in neutral buffered formalin (10%) followed by removal of debris by ultrasonic scaler. Samples were then stored in moisturizing solution until further analysis at room temperature | (SkyScan 1278, Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) | 50 µm | NRecon v.1.6.9 software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium), CTAn v.1.12 software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium | Ahmed’s et al. and Vertucci’s classification | Yes |
| Alkaabi, W., et al. [20] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 50 | Not mentioned | Teeth were immersed in sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) to clean for 1 h followed by scaling. Samples were kept separately in the containers with 0.9% sodium chloride prior to analysis | Sky-Scan 1,172 X-ray micro-tomograph; SkyScan, Antwerp, Belgium) | 11.94 μm | SkyScan software (CTan version 1.11.10.0 | Vertucci’s classification | Yes |
| Boschetti, E., et al. [24] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 70 | Not mentioned | Extracted sample teeth were placed 0.1% thymol at 6℃, then the teeth were examined and analyzed | Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium); SkyScan 1174v2 | 22.9 μm | CTAn v.1.16 software, NRecon v.1.6.9 software and CTVol v.2.3 sofware | Vertucci’s classification | Yes |
| Chen, J., et al. [25] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 127 | Not mentioned | Extracted teeth were cleaned to detach external tissues and scaling was done to remove the calculus followed by storing in neutral buffered formalin solution (10%) until analysis | X-ray micro-focus CT system (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany) | 14.97 μm | Mimics 10.01 software (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium) | - | |
| Fan, B., et al. [21] | Mandibular first premolar | No | 358 | Not mentioned | All teeth were kept in 10% neutral buffered formalin, further debridement of any remnants was done before analysis followed by imaging | μCT-80; Scanco Medical AG, Brüttisellen, Switzerland) | 37 μm | Image-Pro Discovery 5.0 (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD) | - | - |
| Gu, Y., Y. Zhang, and Z. Liao [26] | Mandibular first premolar | No | 148 | Not mentioned | Samples were stored in 10% formalin after removing calculus and any remnants of external tissues then followed by further micro-CT analysis | micro-CT scanner (Inveon; Siemens Medical Solutions, Knoxville, TN) | 15 μm | Mimics 10.01 (Materialize, Leuven, Belgium) | Vertucci’s classification | - |
| Guerreiro, D., et al. [27] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 154 | Not mentioned | All the samples were placed in neutral buffered formalin (10%) after scaling was done to remove the calculus and any tissue remnants until analysis | μCT100; Scanco Medical, Bassersdorf, Switzerland | 25 μm | _ | Vertucci’s classification | - |
| Li, X., et al. [28] | Mandibular first premolar | No | 115 | Not mentioned | Samples were placed in neutral buffered formalin 910%) and sodium hypochlorite (5%) was used to clean for 24 h. Later calculus or any external tissues were removed | X-ray microfocus CT scanner (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany) | 14.97 μm | Mimics 10.01 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Vertucci’s classification | - |
| Liu, N., et al. [29] | Mandibular first premolar | No | 115 | Not mentioned | Extracted teeth were separately kept in neutral buffered formalin (10%) and sodium hypochlorite (5%) was used to clean the samples for 24 h. Thorough debridement of calculus and periodontal tissues was done until micro-CT assessment | X-ray microfocus CT scanner (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany) | 14.97 μm | Mimics 10.01 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Vertucci’s classification | - |
| Moreno, J.O., et al. [30] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 50 | Not mentioned | - | SkyScan 1174v2 micro-CT device (Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium) | 17 μm | NRecon v.1.6.9 software (Bruker-micro-CT), CTAn V.1.13 software (Bruker-micro-CT) and CTVol v.2.2.1 (BrukermicroCT) | Vertucci’s classification | Yes |
| Ordinola‐Zapata, R., et al. [31] | Mandibular first premolar | - | 123 | Not mentioned | - | (SkyScan 1174; Bruker-microCT, Kontich, Belgium) | 19.6 μm | NRecon 1.6.3 software (Bruker micro-CT), CTAn v.1.12 software (Bruker microCT) and Data viewer software (Bruker-micro-CT) | - | - |
| Zhang, D., et al. [32] | Mandibular first premolar | Yes | 143 | Not mentioned | Samples were disinfected using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite to detach the calculus and debride any external tissues followed by storage of extracted teeth in 10% neutral buffered formalin until further assessment | X-ray microfocus CT scanner (Siemens Inveon CT, Erlangen, Germany) | 14.97 μm | Mimics10.01 software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) | Vertucci’s classification | Yes |