Table 3.
Multivariable adjustment for the relationship between tooth brushing and cardiovascular risk factors
| Tooth brushing | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥ 3 vs. 0−1 times/day | 2 vs. 0−1 times/day | |||
| Difference (95% CI) | P | Difference (95% CI) | P | |
| Log (10-yr ASCVD risk) – logit link | ||||
| Unadjusted | -0.99 (-1.06, -0.92) | < 0.001 | -0.56 (-0.63, -0.49) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | -0.10 (-0.14, -0.06) | < 0.001 | 0.01 (-0.03, 0.06) | 0.517 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | 0.01 (-0.04, 0.05) | 0.755 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.068 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | 0.02 (-0.02, 0.05) | 0.301 | 0.03 (0.00, 0.07) | 0.066 |
| Systolic blood pressure–mmHg | ||||
| Unadjusted | -6.44 (-7.45, -5.43) | < 0.001 | -3.78 (-4.78, -2.78) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | -0.89 (-1.88, 0.11) | 0.082 | -0.29 (-1.27, 0.70) | 0.569 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | -0.59 (-1.64, 0.45) | 0.266 | -0.44 (-1.46, 0.59) | 0.403 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | -0.23 (-1.21, 0.74) | 0.639 | -0.40 (-1.36, 0.57) | 0.418 |
| Diastolic blood pressure–mmHg | ||||
| Unadjusted | -0.07 (-0.77, 0.62) | 0.833 | 0.27 (-0.46, 1.01) | 0.466 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | 0.53 (-0.15, 1.20) | 0.125 | 0.83 (0.11, 1.54) | 0.023 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | 1.01 (0.32, 1.71) | 0.005 | 0.85 (0.13, 1.58) | 0.021 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | 1.03 (0.34, 1.71) | 0.003 | 0.80 (0.09, 1.50) | 0.027 |
| Total cholesterol–mg/dL | ||||
| Unadjusted | 2.00 (-0.42, 4.42) | 0.105 | 1.73 (-0.75, 4.22) | 0.172 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | 1.47 (-1.04, 3.97) | 0.252 | 1.39 (-0.1.12, 3.90) | 0.280 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | 2.57 (-1.13, 4.25) | 0.070 | 1.56 (-0.20, 5.34) | 0.256 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | 0.77 (-1.79, 3.33) | 0.558 | 0.41 (-2.18, 3.01) | 0.754 |
| HDL-cholesterol–mg/dL | ||||
| Unadjusted | 4.55 (3.77, 5.32) | < 0.001 | 2.86 (2.04, 3.68) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | 1.96 (1.18, 2.73) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.21, 1.84) | 0.014 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | 0.94 (0.08, 1.80) | 0.033 | 0.67 (-0.21, 1.55) | 0.134 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | 0.66 (-0.23, 1.58) | 0.145 | 0.56 (-0.33, 1.46) | 0.219 |
| Non-HDL-cholesterol–mg/dL | ||||
| Unadjusted | -2.54 (-4.95, -0.13) | 0.040 | -1.14 (-3.63, 1.34) | 0.368 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | -0.48 (-2.98, 2.01) | 0.703 | 0.34 (-2.14, 2.86) | 0.789 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | 1.63 (-1.06, 4.32) | 0.235 | 0.87 (-1.79, 3.52) | 0.522 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | 0.10 (-2.37, 2.58) | 0.934 | -0.16 (-2.70, 2.38) | 0.903 |
| Triglyceride–mg/dL | ||||
| Unadjusted | -31.50 (-42.56, -20.44) | < 0.001 | -16.39 (-28.29, -4.48) | 0.007 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | -19.31 (-30.77, -7.85) | 0.001 | -6.98 (-19.00, 5.03) | 0.255 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | -7.98 (-18.68, 2.72) | 0.144 | -2.39 (-13.76, 8.99) | 0.681 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | -8.26 (-19.13, 2.60) | 0.137 | -2.98 (-14.52, 8.56) | 0.612 |
| LDL cholesterol–mg/dL | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.29 (-1.93, 4.51) | 0.433 | 2.59 (-0.82, 6.01) | 0.137 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | 0.95 (-2.36, 4.27) | 0.573 | 2.42 (-1.00, 5.85) | 0.165 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | 1.24 (-2.34, 4.82) | 0.499 | 1.85 (-1.70, 5.40) | 0.309 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | 0.07 (-3.43, 3.57) | 0.968 | 0.52 (-2.98, 4.03) | 0.770 |
| Fasting plasma glucose–mg/dL | ||||
| Unadjusted | -9.82 (-12.10, -7.54) | < 0.001 | -6.20 (-8.52, -3.89) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | -5.49 (-7.92, -3.05) | < 0.001 | -3.38 (-5.79, -0.97) | 0.006 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | -4.70 (-7.26, -2.14) | < 0.001 | -3.04 (-5.57, -0.51) | 0.191 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | -1.53 (-3.23, 0.16) | 0.076 | -1.18 (-2.88, 0.52) | 0.175 |
| hsCRP*–mg/L | ||||
| Unadjusted | -0.48 (-0.65, -0.32) | < 0.001 | -0.32 (-0.49, -0.14) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | -0.36 (-0.53, -0.19) | < 0.001 | -0.23 (-0.41, -0.06) | 0.010 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | -0.25 (-0.43, -0.07) | 0.007 | -0.20 (-0.38, -0.01) | 0.041 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | -0.22 (-0.41, -0.03) | 0.022 | -0.18 (-0.37, 0.02) | 0.075 |
| White blood cell–10³/µL | ||||
| Unadjusted | -0.52 (-0.66, -0.38) | < 0.001 | -0.34 (-0.48, -0.20) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted for age and sex | -0.41 (-0.55, -0.27) | < 0.001 | -0.25 (-0.39, -0.11) | < 0.001 |
| Adjusted for lifestyle behaviors* | -0.22 (-0.37, -0.06) | 0.005 | -0.19 (-0.33, -0.04) | 0.016 |
| Multivariable adjustment** | -0.20 (-0.35, -0.04) | 0.013 | -0.18 (-0.33, -0.03) | 0.021 |
Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. Estimated 10-year ASCVD risk was log-transformed. *Adjusted for age, sex, obesity, current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and physical activity; and **Adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, obesity, current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, and physical activity. Abbreviations: hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; WBC, white blood cell