Table 2.

Effect of COVID-19 disruptions on monthly hospital and PHC visit rates in Indonesia

Outcome	Hospital		PHC
	Outpatient visits IRR (CI)	Inpatient visits IRR (CI)	Outpatient visits IRR (CI)
Overall healthcare utilization related to chronic diseases at national levela	0.61 (0.48,0.76)	0.72 (0.62,0.83)	0.66 (0.55,0.81)
Healthcare utilization among chronic disease patients in different diagnosis groupsb
(1) No CVDs, but with single chronic morbidity	0.59 (0.44,0.79)	0.75 (0.64,0.87)	0.66 (0.53,0.82)
(2) No CVDs, but with multimorbidity	0.58 (0.48,0.72)	0.71 (0.60,0.84)	0.69 (0.59,0.80)
(3) CVDs, but no comorbidity	0.57 (0.44,0.74)	0.77 (0.60,0.99)	0.62 (0.49,0.78)
(4) CVDs and one comorbidity	0.62 (0.49,0.79)	0.76 (0.60,0.96)	0.63 (0.52,0.76)
(5) CVDs and multimorbidity	0.64 (0.54,0.75)	0.62 (0.51,0.75)	0.68 (0.57,0.80)
Healthcare utilization among patients with CVDs and multimorbidity across different regionsc
Region 1	0.65 (0.55,0.78)	0.64 (0.51,0.79)	0.69 (0.59,0.82)
Region 2	0.59 (0.51,0.69)	0.66 (0.47,0.93)	0.67 (0.58,0.77)
Region 3	0.62 (0.48,0.79)	0.57 (0.43,0.76)	0.66 (0.52,0.83)
Region 4	0.47 (0.35,0.64)	0.48 (0.29,0.77)	0.50 (0.39,0.65)
Region 5	0.71 (0.49,1.01)	0.53 (0.26,1.08)	0.61 (0.47,0.80)

The effect of COVID-19 disruption on monthly hospital and PHC visit rates was presented among patients in different diagnosis groups and among patients with CVDs and multimorbidity across different regions in Indonesia

The Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was obtained by exponentiating the Poisson regression coefficient (β₂) which provided the change in monthly levels of visits due to entering the Covid-19 period. PHC Primary Healthcare

^aThe IRR for patients with chronic diseases at the national level

^bThe IRR for patients in different diagnosis groups at the national level

^cThe IRR for patients with CVDs and multimorbidity at the regional level. See Supplementary Figure S2 for details about the regions