Table 5.
The 172 active compounds found in the 20 medicinal plant extracts using for MSD treatments in the six Karen villages in Chiang Mai province, Thailand.
| Phytochemical compounds | Classifications | Molecular formulas | Pharmacological activities | Species | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (-)-Epigallocatechin 3-(4-methyl-gallate) | flavonoids | C24H22O11 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Croton kongensis Gagnep., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Plantago major L. | (Chiu and Lin 2005; Lotito et al. 2011) |
| (+)-Gallocatechin | flavonoids | C15H14O7 | anti-inflammatory activity | Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Siebert et al. 2020) |
| (R)-N-Methylcoclaurine | alkaloids | C18H21NO3 | analgesic activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Beaudoin and Facchini 2014) |
| (S)-Coclaurine | alkaloids | C17H19NO3 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Marahel and Umesha 2016) |
| (S)-Edulinine | quinoline alkaloids | C16H21NO4 | anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don | (Awaad et al. 2006) |
| 1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-7-primeverosyloxyxanthone | xanthones (polyphenols) | C24H26O6 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activities | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Saleem et al. 2020) |
| 1-Isomangostin | cinnamic acids (phenolic compound) | C17H22O10 | anti-inflammatory activity, oxidative activity | Polygala chinensis L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Shankaranarayan et al. 1979; Chin et al. 2011) |
| 1-O-Sinapoylglucose | cinnamic acids (phenolic compound) | C17H22O10 | anti-inflammatory activity, oxidative activity | Polygala chinensis L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Nićiforović and Abramovič 2014) |
| 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-6-(1-oxobutyl)-1,3,5-cyclohexanetrione | monoterpenoids | C14H20O4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Crinum asiaticum L., Plantago major L. | (Luetragoon et al. 2020) |
| 2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone | quinones (phenolic compound derivatives) | C6H4O3 | anti-inflammatory activity | Plantago major L. | (Petronzi et al. 2011) |
| 2-Indolecarboxylic acid | indole alkaloids | C9H7NO2 | antioxidant activity | Polygala chinensis L., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Naik et al. 2012) |
| 2-Methoxycarbonylphenyl beta-D-glucopyranoside | phenolic glycosides | C14H18O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | (Hwang and Lee 2015) |
| 2-O-Caffeoylarbutin | phenolic glycosides | C21H22O10 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory | Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Gmelina arborea Roxb., Polygala chinensis L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | (Ștefănescu et al. 2019) |
| 3,4-DHPEA-EA | monoterpenoids | C19H22O8 | antioxidant activity | Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Fuentes et al. 2018) |
| 3-Indolecarboxylic acid | indole alkaloids | C13H19NO4 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Croton kongensis Gagnep., Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Naik et al. 2011; Ji et al. 2020) |
| 3-O-Protocatechuoylceanothic acid | triterpenoids | C37H50O8 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don | (Peng et al. 2018; Lim et al. 2019) |
| 3-α(S)-Strictosidine | alkaloids | C27H34N2O9 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Sakamoto et al. 2020) |
| 4’-Hydroxy-3’,5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone | flavonoids | C20H20O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Gmelina arborea Roxb., Plantago major L., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Wu et al. 2015) |
| 4’-Methyl-(-)-epigallocatechin 3’-glucuronide | isoflavonoids | C22H24O13 | antioxidant activity | Plantago major L. | (Natsume et al. 2003; Natsume et al. 2004) |
| 4’-Methyl-(-)-epigallocatechin 7-glucuronide | flavonoids | C22H24O13 | antioxidant activity | Elephantopus scaber L., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Natsume et al. 2003) |
| 4’-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin-5-O-beta-glucuronide | flavonoids | C23H26O11 | antioxidant activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep., Plantago major L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Natsume et al. 2003) |
| 5-Hydroxyflavone | flavonoids | C21H20O8 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl. | (Ferraz et al. 2020) |
| 5-Methoxytryptophol | Indole alkaloids | C11H13NO2 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Savtekin et al. 2018) |
| 5-O-Feruloylquinic acid | phenolic acids | C17H20O9 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Erel et al. 2011; Sarı et al. 2019) |
| 6,8-di-O-Methylaverufin | anthraquinones | C22H20O7 | anti-inflammatory activity | Elephantopus scaber L. | (Kim et al. 2018) |
| 6’’-Acetylapiin | flavonoids | C28H30O15 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Farzaei et al. 2013; de Menezes Epifanio et al. 2020) |
| 6-Hydroxykaempferol | flavonoids | C15H10O7 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Polygala chinensis L. | (Williams et al. 1999; Yue et al. 2014) |
| 6-Hydroxymusizin 8-O-b-D-glucopyranoside | phenolic glycosides | C19H22O9 | anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity | Crinum asiaticum L., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Iizuka et al. 2004; Zheng et al. 2013) |
| 6-Methylquinoline | alkaloids | C10H9N | anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity. | Crinum asiaticum L. | (Marella et al. 2013) |
| 6-O-Acetylaustroinulin | diterpenoids | C22H36O4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Gmelina arborea Roxb. | (Byun 2012; Cho et al. 2013; Zou et al. 2020) |
| 6’’-O-Acetylgenistin | isoflavonoids | C23H22O11 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Kudou et al. 1991; de Melo et al. 2020) |
| 7-Galloylcatechin | flavonoids | C22H18O10 | anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity | Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Afsar et al. 2015) |
| 7-Hydroxy-8-O-methylaloin B | anthraquinones | C22H24O | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Lee et al. 2012; Salehi et al. 2018) |
| 7-Hydroxyflavanone beta-D-glucopyranoside | flavonoids | C21H22O8 | anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Zhang et al. 2020a) |
| 7-Methylrosmanol | diterpene lactones | C21H28O5 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | (Lai et al. 2009; Fiume et al. 2018) |
| 8-Hydroxypinoresinol 8-glucoside | lignan glycosides | C26H32O12 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Elephantopus scaber L., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.), Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Choi and Park 2016) |
| 9-Hydroxycalabaxanthone | xanthones (polyphenols) | C24H24O6 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Crinum asiaticum L., Elephantopus scaber L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Plantago major L., Polygala chinensis L., Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Gutierrez-Orozco and Failla 2013) |
| Acetyllycopsamine | alkaloids | C17H27NO6 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | (Bosi et al. 2013; Salehi et al. 2019) |
| Aconine | alkaloids | C25H41NO9 | anti-inflammatory activity | Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | (Li et al. 2016) |
| Acuminoside | diterpenoid glycosides | C21H36O10 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Crinum asiaticum L., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. | (Sharma and Rao 2009) |
| Agnuside | diterpenoid glycosides | C22H26O11 | anti-arthritic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Okuyama et al. 1998; Pandey et al. 2012) |
| Allamandin | iridoid monoterpene lactones | C15H16O7 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl. | (Petricevich and Abarca-Vargas 2019) |
| Aloinoside B | anthraquinones | C27H32O13 | anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity, antioxidant activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Elephantopus scaber L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Chandra et al. 2018) |
| alpha-Citronellol | monoterpenoids | C10H20O | anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity | Crinum asiaticum L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Katsukawa et al. 2011; Brito et al. 2012) |
| Altersolanol A | quinones | C16H16O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Teiten et al. 2013) |
| Amaroswerin | secoiridoid glucosides (cardiac glycosides) | C29H30O14 | anti-inflammatory activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Xiang et al. 2019) |
| Anhydrosafflor Yellow B | flavonoids | C48H52O26 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Song et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020d) |
| Anisotine | quinazoline alkaloids | C20H19N3O3 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Shanawany et al. 2014) |
| APIIN | flavonoids | C26H28O14 | anti-inflammatory activity | Polygala chinensis L. | (Mencherini et al. 2007; Ramezani et al. 2009) |
| Arbutin | hydroquinone glucosides (phenolic glycosides) | C12H16O7 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Plantago major L., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Lee and Kim 2012) |
| Archangelolide | sesquiterpene lactones | C29H40O10 | anti-inflammatory activity | Elephantopus scaber L. | (Rimpelová et al. 2019) |
| Arjunolic acid | triterpenoids | C30H48O5 | anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive activity, antioxidant activity | Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | (Manna et al. 2009; Santos et al. 2011) |
| Artemisinin | sesquiterpene lactones | C15H22O5 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.), Polygala chinensis L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Kim et al. 2015; Shi et al. 2015) |
| Asiaticoside B | triterpene glycosides | C48H78O20 | anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive activity, antioxidant activity | Plantago major L. | (Huang et al. 2011; Ayumi et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020a) |
| Asperuloside | iridoid monoterpenoid glycosides | C18H22O11 | anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Plantago major L. | (He et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2020b) |
| Astragalin | flavonoids | C21H20O11 | antinociceptive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity, antioxidant activity | Plantago major L., Polygala chinensis L., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Qnais et al. 2014; Riaz et al. 2018) |
| Aucubin | iridoid monoterpenoid glycosides | C15H22O9 | anti-inflammatory activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl. | (Park 2020 ; Park et al. 2004; Koley et al. 2019) |
| Austroinulin | diterpenoids | C20H34O3 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Elephantopus scaber L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Byun 2012; Cho et al. 2013) |
| Avenanthramide L | phenolic alkaloids | C10H9N | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Crinum asiaticum L. | (Sur et al. 2008; Landberg et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020c) |
| Baccatin III | tetracyclic diterpenoids | C31H38O11 | anti-nociceptive activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.), Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Küpeli et al. 2003) |
| Basellasaponin B | triterpene saponins | C47H68O21 | anti-inflammatory activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl. | (Kotakadi 2014) |
| beta-Damascenone | cyclic monoterpene ketone | C13H18O | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory | Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Plantago major L. | (Sharif et al. 2020) |
| Bopindolol | methylindoles (alkaloids) | C23H28N2O3 | antioxidant activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Aniya et al. 1995) |
| Bruceine D | diterpenes | C20H26O9 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Plantago major L. | (Hall et al. 1983) |
| Bryotoxin A | cardiac glycosides | C32H42O12 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Elephantopus scaber L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Rahman et al. 2019) |
| Camellianin A | flavonoid glycosides | C29H32O15 | antioxidant activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | (Yuan et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2014) |
| Capsianoside I | diterpene glycosides (phenolic compounds) | C32H52O14 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) | (Jolayemi and Ojewole 2013) |
| Castanospermine | indolizidine alkaloid | C8H15NO4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Hong et al. 2016) |
| Catalposide | iridoid monoterpene glycosides | C22H26O12 | antinociceptive activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Elephantopus scaber L., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Plantago major L. | (Küpeli et al. 2005) |
| Chrysosplenol D | flavonoids | C18H16O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | (Li et al. 2015) |
| Colforsin | diterpenenoid derivatives | C22H34O7 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | (Hayashida et al. 2001) |
| Contignasterol | steroids | C18H16O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | (Burgoyne et al. 1992; Cheung et al. 2016) |
| Convallatoxin | cardiac glycosides | C29H42O10 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Xu et al. 2017b; Li et al. 2019b) |
| Convolamine | tropane alkaloids | C17H23NO4 | anti-inflammatory activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Agarwal et al. 2014; Balkrishna et al. 2020) |
| Corchoroside A | cardiac glycosides | C29H42O9 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | (Snafi 2016) |
| Cortisone | steroids | C21H28O5 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | (Park et al. 2013) |
| Crocin 3 | diterpenoids | C32H44O14 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, analgesic activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | (Lee et al. 2005; Erfanparast et al. 2015; Li et al. 2017b) |
| Cucurbitacin E | steroids | C32H44O8 | anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Crinum asiaticum L., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Plantago major L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Peters et al. 1997; Abdelwahab et al. 2011) |
| Cynaroside A | flavonoid glycosides | C21H32O10 | antioxidative activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Plantago major L., Polygala chinensis L. | (Zou et al. 2018; Nguyen et al. 2020a; Szekalska et al. 2020) |
| Dalpanin | flavonoids | C26H30O12 | antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Mekky et al. 2015) |
| Demethyloleuropein | flavonoid glycosides | C24H30O13 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Gmelina arborea Roxb. | (Servili et al. 2009; Nardi et al. 2014) |
| Deoxypodophyllotoxin | flavolignan | C22H22O7 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Lee et al. 2004; Guerrero et al. 2013; Khaled et al. 2013) |
| Dihydrocapsaicin | capsaicinoid (terpene alkaloid) | C18H29NO3 | analgesic activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Zak et al. 2018) |
| Dihydrovaltrate | iridoid monoterpenoids | C22H32O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Crinum asiaticum L., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Plantago major L., Polygala chinensis L., Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Subhan et al. 2007) |
| Ellagic acid | polyphenols | C14H6O8 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Favarin et al. 2013; Kilic et al. 2014) |
| epi-Tulipinolide diepoxide | sesquiterpenoids | C17H22O6 | antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | (Kang et al. 2014) |
| Ethylvanillin glucoside | phenolic glycosides | C15H20O8 | antioxidant activity | Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.), Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Tai et al. 2011; Tong et al. 2019) |
| Evoxine | alkaloids | C18H21NO6 | antioxidant activity | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Kiplimo et al. 2011) |
| Fasciculol C | steroids | C30H52O6 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Plantago major L., Polygala chinensis L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Ványolós et al. 2020) |
| Feruloyl-beta-sitosterol | steroids | C39H58O4 | antioxidant activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) | (Islam et al. 2009; Islam et al. 2011) |
| Fluocinonide | steroids | C26H32F2O7 | anti-inflammatory activity | Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. | (Mutasim 2006) |
| Germacrone | sesquiterpenoids | C15H22O | antinociceptive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Elephantopus scaber L. | (Ozaki 1990; Hamdi et al. 2015; Hossain et al. 2015) |
| Ginkgolide C | diterpenic lactones | C20H24O11 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Zhang et al. 2018b; Li et al. 2020a) |
| Grayanotoxin I | diterpenoids | C22H36O7 | analgesic activity | Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | (Gunduz et al. 2014; Sun et al. 2019) |
| GW 0742 | steroid derivatives | C21H17F4NO3S2 | anti-inflammatory activity | Plantago major L. | (Gamdzyk et al. 2020) |
| Harpagoside | iridoid monoterpene glycosides | C24H30O11 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Lanhers et al. 1992; Rahimi et al. 2016) |
| Hesperetin 7-O-glucoside | flavonoid glycosides | C22H24O11 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Wan et al. 2020) |
| Hesperetin-7-O-glucuronide | flavonoid glycosides | C21H22O12 | anti-inflammatory activity | Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Yamamoto et al. 2013) |
| Hirsuteine | alkaloids | C22H26N2O3 | antioxidant activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don | (Kawakami et al. 2011) |
| Homocapsaicin | capsaicinoids | C19H29NO3 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Plantago major L. | (Luo et al. 2011; Ercan et al. 2013) |
| Irigenin | flavonoids | C18H16O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | (Ahn et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2017) |
| Isoacteoside | phenolic glycosides | C29H36O15 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Elephantopus scaber L., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Polygala chinensis L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Chao-Hsiang et al. 2012; Nam et al. 2015; Simamora et al. 2020) |
| Isochlorogenic acid b | phenolic glycosides | C25H24O12 | antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Elephantopus scaber L. | (Li et al. 2019a) |
| Isoflupredone acetate | steroids | C23H29FO6 | anti-inflammatory activity | Gmelina arborea Roxb., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) | (Trahan et al. 2018) |
| Isomangiferin | xanthone glycosides (polyphenol glycosides) | C19H18O11 | antioxidant activity | Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | (Xu et al. 2017a) |
| Isorhynchophylline | alkaloids | C22H28N2O4 | anti-nociceptive activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Gmelina arborea Roxb. | (Yuan et al. 2009; Gao et al. 2020) |
| Kukoamine A | alkaloids | C28H42N4O6 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Hadjipavlou-Litina et al. 2009; Li et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2020b) |
| L-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid | indole alkaloids | C12H12N2O2 | antioxidant activity | Crinum asiaticum L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | (Herraiz and Galisteo 2002) |
| Lamioside | iridoid monoterpenoids | C18H28O11 | antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Goodla et al. 2019) |
| Lappaol C | flavonoids | C30H34O10 | antioxidant activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl. | (Su and Wink 2015) |
| Leonuriside A | phenolic glycosides | C14H20O9 | anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.), Polygala chinensis L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Shrestha et al. 2013; Dang et al. 2020) |
| Lignans | lignans | C22H22O8 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Borsato et al. 2000; Teponno et al. 2016; Chopade et al. 2020) |
| Ligustroside | phenolic glycosides | C25H32O12 | antioxidant activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Gülçin et al. 2009; Varga et al. 2019) |
| Linusitamarin | Phenolic glucosides | C17H22O9 | antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Elephantopus scaber L., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Plantago major L. | (Zhang et al. 2013a) |
| Liriodendrin | lignan glycosides | C34H46O18 | anti-inflammatory activity, anti-nociceptive activity | Crinum asiaticum L., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Elephantopus scaber L., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Sambucus simpsonii Rehder, Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Jung et al. 2003) |
| Lirioresinol A | furanoid lignans | C22H26O8 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | (Kim et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020b) |
| Lithocholic acid | steroids | C24H40O3 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Elephantopus scaber L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Plantago major L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Sun et al. 2008; Ward et al. 2017) |
| Lonicerin | flavonoids | C21H26N2O4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don | (Lee et al. 1995) |
| Lucidone A | steroids | C24H34O5 | anti-inflammatory activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Kumar et al. 2010a) |
| Lumichrome | alkaloids | C12H10N4O2 | antioxidant activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Qais and Etu 2020) |
| Magnoshinin | neolignan | C24H30O6 | anti-inflammatory activity | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Kimura et al. 1991) |
| Mangostanol | xanthones (polyphenols) | C24H26O7 | anti-inflammatory activity | Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. | (Pan et al. 2017) |
| Manniflavanone | flavonoids | C30H22O13 | antioxidant activity, anti‐inflammatory activity | Polygala chinensis L. | (Bibi et al. 2014) |
| Maritimetin | flavonoids | C15H10O6 | antioxidant activity | Crinum asiaticum L., Plantago major L., Polygala chinensis L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Wang et al. 2015) |
| Melengestrol acetate | steroids | C25H32O4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don | (Baydoun et al. 2014) |
| Mesaconitine | alkaloids | C33H45NO11 | analgesic activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Murayama et al. 1984; Sun et al. 2020) |
| Mezerein | terpenes | C38H38O10 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Barton et al. 1989) |
| Miglustat | piperidines | C10H21NO4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Dechecchi et al. 2008) |
| Miscanthoside | flavonoids | C21H22O11 | antioxidant activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.), Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Barreca et al. 2016) |
| Mitoxantrone | anthraquinones | C22H28N4O6 | analgesic activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Elephantopus scaber L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | |
| Monotropein | iridoid monoterpenoids | C16H22O11 | antinociceptive activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | (Choi et al. 2005; Shin et al. 2013) |
| Morroniside | iridoid monoterpene glycosides | C17H26O11 | antioxidant activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep., Elephantopus scaber L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Gmelina arborea Roxb., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.), Polygala chinensis L., Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Sambucus simpsonii Rehder, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Chen et al. 2018) |
| Morusin | flavonoids | C25H24O6 | antinociceptive activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Plantago major L. | (De Souza et al. 2000) |
| Multiflorin B | flavonoids | C27H30O15 | antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Desmodium renifolium (L.) Schindl., Plantago major L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Kim et al. 2008; Choe et al. 2012; Eid et al. 2018) |
| Naringenin-7-O-Glucoside | flavonoid qlycosides | C21H22O10 | antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Han et al. 2008) |
| Nepitrin | flavonoids | C22H22O12 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Polygala chinensis L. | (Agarwal 1982; Akram et al. 2015; Garayev et al. 2018) |
| Nordihydrocapsiate | capsaicinoids | C17H26O4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Elephantopus scaber L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Sancho et al. 2002; Shintaku et al. 2012) |
| Norvaline | flavonoids | C5H11NO2 | anti-inflammatory activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Ming et al. 2009) |
| Nudicauline | alkaloids | C38H50N2O11 | analgesic activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Liu and Tong 2005) |
| Oleandrin | cardiac glycoside | C32H48O9 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Kanwal et al. 2020) |
| Oleoside dimethyl ester | terpene glycosides | C18H26O11 | antioxidant activity | Gmelina arborea Roxb., Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Pang et al. 2015) |
| Ononin | flavonoid glycosides | C22H22O9 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Luo et al. 2019) |
| Paeoniflorin | terpene glycosides | C23H28O11 | analgesic activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Zhang et al. 2013b; Tu et al. 2019; Wu et al. 2020; Zhang and Wei 2020) |
| Physalin E | steroids | C28H32O11 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Plantago major L., Polygala chinensis L., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Sambucus simpsonii Rehder, Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Pinto et al. 2010; Yang et al. 2017) |
| Physalin L | steroids | C28H32O10 | anti-inflammatory activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Ji et al. 2012) |
| Pomiferin | flavonoids | C25H24O6 | antioxidant activity | Crinum asiaticum L., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Elephantopus scaber L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr., Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume, Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb. | (Bartosikova et al. 2007; Mazumder and Rahman 2008) |
| Poncirin | flavonoids | C28H34O14 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Croton kongensis Gagnep., Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Polygala chinensis L. | (Kim et al. 2007; Afridi et al. 2019; Ullah et al. 2020) |
| Protobassic acid | triterpenoids | C30H48O6 | antioxidant activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Pawar and Bhutani 2004) |
| Pulmatin | anthraquinone glycosides | C21H20O9 | antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Scleropyrum pentandrum (Dennst.) Mabb., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Mishra et al. 2014) |
| Quercetagetin | flavonoids | C15H10O8 | anti-inflammatory activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Boots et al. 2008; Kang et al. 2013; Kang et al. 2014; Gutiérrez-Venegas et al. 2017) |
| Quercetin 3-O-(6’’-acetyl-glucoside) | flavonoids | C23H22O13 | antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | (Anh et al. 2011; Kim and Jang 2011) |
| Quercetin 3-O-(6-O-malonyl-β-D-glucoside) | flavonoids | C24H22O15 | antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | (Apea-Bah et al. 2020; Pollini et al. 2020) |
| Remifentanil | alkaloids | C20H28N2O5 | analgesic activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Black et al. 1998; Xiang et al. 2014; Torun et al. 2017) |
| Robinetin | flavonoids | C15H10O7 | antioxidant activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | (Edenharder and Grünhage 2003; Ruiz-Cruz et al. 2017; Manrique-de-la-Cuba et al. 2019) |
| Safflomin A | flavonoids | C27H32O16 | anti-inflammatory activity | Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) | (Jin et al. 2016; Lee et al. 2020; Qin et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020c) |
| Salannin | terpenoids | C34H44O9 | anti-inflammatory activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | (Akihisa et al. 2011) |
| Savinin | lignan | C20H16O6 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Cho et al. 2001; Bulle et al. 2016; Li et al. 2019c) |
| Scolymoside | flavonoid glycosides | C27H30O14 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | (Kim et al. 2000; Kang et al. 2015; Lee and Bae 2016) |
| Shanzhiside | terpenoid | C16H24O11 | antioxidant activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Shan et al. 2019) |
| Silandrin | flavonolignans | C25H22O9 | antioxidant activity | Eurycoma longifolia Jack | (Samu et al. 2004) |
| Sterebin A | sesquiterpenoids | C18H30O4 | anti-inflammatory activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Ibrahim et al. 2007) |
| Strictosamide | alkaloids | C26H30N2O8 | analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don | (Li et al. 2014; Li et al. 2017a) |
| Symphytine | alkaloids | C20H31NO6 | antioxidant activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | (Oberlies et al. 2004) |
| Tabersonine | alkaloids | C21H24N2O2 | anti-inflammatory activity | Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G.Don | (Zhang et al. 2018a) |
| Terretonin | steroids | C26H32O9 | anti-inflammatory activity | Croton kongensis Gagnep. | (Wu et al. 2019) |
| Theaflavic acid | flavonoids | C21H16O10 | antioxidant activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | (Li et al. 2020c) |
| Trigonelline | alkaloids | C7H8NO2 | anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity | Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | (Omidi-Ardali et al. 2019; Costa et al. 2020) |
| Verbenalin | iridoid terpene glycoside | C17H24O10 | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | (Deepak and Handa 2000; Miao et al. 2016) |
| Vinyl caffeate | phenolic compounds | C11H10O4 | antioxidant activity | Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch., Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. | (Tada et al. 1996) |
| Vulgarone B | sesquiterpenoids | C15H22O | anti-inflammatory activity | Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Croton kongensis Gagnep., Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Plantago major L., Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi | (Chung and Shin 2009) |
| y-Morphine | alkaloids | C34H36N2O6 | analgesic activity | Crinum asiaticum L. | (Caute et al. 1988; Laville et al. 2005) |
| β-Estradiol | steroids | C18H24O2 | anti-inflammatory activity | Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | (Cuzzocrea et al. 2000; Song et al. 2019) |