Table 6.
Medicinal plant used to treat musculoskeletal system disorders (MSD) among the Skaw Karen in Thailand.
| Species | Voucher specimen number | Ailments of MSD | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don | Kantasrila MSD011 | muscle pain, back pain, bone pain, joint pain, microfracture, dislocated bones, sprain | (Manandhar 1995; Singh et al. 1996; Boonkorn 1997; Changkija 1999; Pongamornkul 2006b; Archam 2011; Inta et al. 2011a; Muangyen 2013; Inta and Pongamornkul 2015b, 2015a). |
| Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. | Kantasrila MSD013 | Muscle pain, lumbago, joint pain, rheumatoid arthritis, back pain, knee pain | (Pongamornkul 2010; Inta et al. 2011a; Pongamornkul and Muangyen 2012; Srithi 2012; Pongamornkul and Muangyen 2013; Inta 2014; Pang et al. 2014a; Inta and Pongamornkul 2015b; Songsangchun 2015) |
| Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | Kantasrila MSD017 | Muscle pain, lumbago pain, back pain, bone pain, fracture bone | (Winjchiyanan 1995; Pongamornkul 2006a, 2006b; Inta 2008; Sukkho 2008; Muangyen 2013) |
| Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. | Kantasrila MSD020 | Muscle pain, back pain, lumbago pain, knee pain | (Yaso 2000; Pongamornkul 2006b; Pongamornkul 2009; Inta and Pongamornkul 2015a; Kantasrila 2016; Kaewsangsai 2017) |
| Crinum asiaticum L. | Kantasrila MSD023 | Sprain, muscle pain, fracture bone, joint pain | (Pongsattayapipat 1992; Tovaranonte 1998; Pipitkul 2001; Pongamornkul 2006b; Kamwong 2009; Inta et al. 2011b; Junkhonkaen 2012; Panyadee 2012; Srithi 2012; Inta 2014; Tangjitman 2017) |
| Curcuma longa L. | Kantasrila MSD113 | Fracture bone | (Winjchiyanan 1995; Kaewsangsai 2017; Kantasrila et al. 2020) |
| Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf | Kantasrila MSD028 | Muscle pain, fracture bone | (Winjchiyanan 1995; Srithi 2012; Inta 2014; Kaewsangsai 2017) |
| Duhaldea cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Pruski & Anderb. | Kantasrila MSD036 | Muscle pain, knee pain, joint pain, sprain | (Pipitkul 2001; Sukkho 2008; Tangjitman 2014; Kantasrila 2016) |
| Elephantopus scaber L. | Kantasrila MSD037 | Muscle pain, lumbago pain | (Winjchiyanan 1995; Sukkho 2008; Kamwong 2009; Tangjitman 2014; Kaewsangsai 2017) |
| Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. | Kantasrila MSD043 | Muscle pain | (Kamwong 2009; Kantasrila et al. 2020) |
| Gmelina arborea Roxb. | Kantasrila MSD046 | Muscle pain, fracture bone, knee pain | (Winjchiyanan 1995; Sukkho 2008; Junsongduang 2013; Tangjitman 2014; Kantasrila 2016) |
| Plantago major L. | Kantasrila MSD073 | Joint pain, lumbago pain, back pain, muscle pain, sprain, knee pain, tendinitis, fracture bone | (Winjchiyanan 1995; Ponpim 1996; Puling 2001; Pongamornkul 2003; Inta 2008; Mahawongsanan 2008; Sukkho 2008; Pongamornkul 2010; Inta et al. 2011b; Supawimolpan 2011; Srithi 2012; Udompanid 2012; Waripo 2012; Muangyen 2013; Tangjitman 2014; Hutasingha 2015) |
| Polygala chinensis L. | Kantasrila MSD077 | Muscle pain, lumbago pain, back pain | (Pongamornkul 2006a; Trisonthi and Trisonthi 2009; Inta and Pongamornkul 2015b; Kaewsangsai 2017) |
| Pothos chinensis (Raf.) Merr. | Kantasrila MSD078 | Muscle pain, leg pain, fracture bone, sprain, joint pain | (Srithi 2012; Inta and Pongamornkul 2015b, 2015a; Kantasrila 2016; Kaewsangsai 2017) |
| Pothos scandens L. | Kantasrila MSD079 | Back pain, lumbago pain, sprain, muscle pain | (Sukkho 2008; Tangjitman 2014) |
| Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume | Kantasrila MSD085 | Fractures, muscle pain, sprain, joint pain, lumbago pain | (Puling 2001; Pongamornkul 2003, 2006b; Inta 2008; Mahawongsanan 2008; Sukkho 2008; Trisonthi and Trisonthi 2009; Pongamornkul 2010; Srithi 2012; Junsongduang 2013; Pongamornkul and Muangyen 2013; Tangjitman 2014; Inta and Pongamornkul 2015b; Kantasrila 2016; Kaewsangsai 2017; Moonjai 2017) |
| Sambucus simpsonii Rehder | Kantasrila MSD086 | Muscle pain, sprain, fracture bone | (Pongsattayapipat 1992; Tovaranonte 1998; Sukkho 2008; Kamwong 2009; Srithi 2012) |