Table 1. Role of cattle on risk of exposure to vector-borne pathogens in humans from studies included in this systematic review.
| Vector-borne disease | Vector | Role of cattle | Selected Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rift Valley fever (RVF) in humans | Mosquitoes (primary vector-Aedes species, secondary vector Culex species) | Harmful. (See Table 2: 4–6) | [33–35] |
| Human malaria | Mosquitoes (female Anopheles species) | Both harmful and beneficial effects observed. (See Table 2: 1, 4, 7) | [18,24,36–41] |
| Japanese Encephalitis (JE) | Mosquitoes (Culex species) | Beneficial and potentially harmful effects observed. (See Table 2: 1, 3) | [42–43] |
| Chagas disease | Kissing bug (Triatoma brasiliensis brasiliensis) | Potentially harmful (See Table 2: 1, 4) | [44–45] (Not part of included studies) |
| West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in humans | Mosquitoes (Culex species) | Possibly harmful but in rare instances (debatable) (See Table 2: 4) | [46–47,48] (Not part of included studies) |
| St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) infection in humans | Mosquitoes (Culex species) | Potentially harmful (See Table 2: 4) | [49] |
| Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness | Tsetse fly (Glossina species) | Harmful & Beneficial. (See Table 2: 4–7) | [50–54] |
| Lyme Disease | Ticks (Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes ricinus) | Beneficial (See Table 2: 2–3) | [55–56] |
| Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) | Ticks (primary vector Hyalomma species; secondary vector Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Dermacentor species) | Harmful and Beneficial (See Table 2: 4–5, 7) | [31,32,57–61] |
| Human anaplasmosis | Ticks (Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes Ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4, 6) | [62–65] |
| Human babesiosis | Ticks (Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes ricinus) | Harmful (See Table 2: 6) | [66–69] (Not all papers are part of included studies) |
| Dugbe virus infection in humans | Ticks (Hyalomma, Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus species) | Harmful and Beneficial (See Table 2: 4, 7) | [70–72] [31,32] |
| Thogoto virus infection in humans | Ticks (Rhipicephalus praetextatus) | Potentially beneficial (See Table 2: 7). | [31,32] |
| Alkhurma/Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever (AKHV) | Ticks (Ornithodoros savignyi, Hyalomma dromedari) | Harmful (See Table 2: 5) | [73–75] (Not all papers are part of included studies) |
| Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) in humans | Ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera, Haemaphysalis turturis) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4–6) | [76–79] (Not all papers are part of included studies) |
| Human ehrlichiosis | Ticks (Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes scapularis) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4) | [64,80] |
| Tickborne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) infection in humans | Ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis punctata, Dermacentor marginatus) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4, 6) | [81,82] |
| African tick bite fever (ATBF) in humans | Ticks (Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma hebraeum) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4) | [83–85] (Not all papers are part of included studies) |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) | Ticks (Dermacenter variabilis, Amblyomma americanum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma cajennense) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4) | [86] |
| Spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses in humans | Ticks (Amblyomma maculatum, Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Hyalomma and Ixodes species) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4) | [22,83,87,88] |
| Q fever infection in humans | Ticks (Dermacentor species, Hyalomma species, Haemaphysalis species, Rhipicephalus species, Ixodes species) | Harmful (See Table 2: 4–5) | [89–91] |
| Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala azar) infections in humans | Sandfly (Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia ovallesi, Phlebotomus argentipes, Phlebotomus papatasi Phlebotomus sergenti, Sergentomyia squamipleuris) | Both harmful and beneficial effects observed. (See Table 2: 2, 4, 7) | [92–98] |