Table 1.

Abdominal vascular compression syndromes.

Syndrome	Also known as	Compressed structure	Cause of compression	Clinical manifestations
Celiac artery compression syndrome	Median arcuate ligament syndrome Dunbar syndrome	Celiac artery	Median arcuate ligament	Epigastric pain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting
Renal vein compression syndrome	left renal vein entrapment syndrome Nutcracker syndrome	Left renal vein	SMA and AA (anterior nutcracker) AA and vertebral body (posterior nutcracker)	Left flank pain, hematuria, symptoms associated with gonadal vein reflux
Iliac vein compression syndrome	May–Thurner syndrome Cockett syndrome	Left CIV	Right CIA and vertebral body	Left lower limb swelling, symptoms associated with deep vein thrombosis
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome	Cast syndrome Wilkie syndrome	Transverse duodenum	SMA and AA	Postprandial epigastric pain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction		Ureteropelvic junction	Crossing renal artery or vein	Flank pain, pyelonephritis, hematuria
Retrocaval ureter		Proximal ureter	IVC and vertebral body	Flank pain, hematuria

SMA, superior mesenteric artery; AA, abdominal aorta; CIV, common iliac vein; CIA, common iliac artery.