Table 3.
Univariable binary logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with schizophrenia.
| Variables | COR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | < 0.001* |
| Height (cm) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.308 |
| Weight (kg) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.479 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 2.29 (1.30–4.02) | 0.004* |
| Female | 1 | |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Malay | 1 | |
| Chinese | 2.56 (1.30–5.04) | 0.006* |
| Indian | 1.37 (0.63–2.94) | 0.427 |
| Occupation | ||
| Employed | 1 | |
| Unemployed | 2.77 (1.53–5.01) | 0.001* |
| Mode of delivery | ||
| Vaginal | 1.62 (0.72–3.67) | 0.245* |
| Caesarean | 1 | |
| Location of delivery | ||
| Hospital | 1 | |
| Home | 1.97 (0.95–4.11) | 0.070* |
| Breastfed during infancy | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.31 (0.16–0.58) | < 0.001* |
| Family history of mental illness | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 2.80 (1.38–5.68) | 0.004* |
| Presence of other ailmentsa | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 2.56 (1.23–5.32) | 0.012* |
| Presence of gastrointestinal symptoms | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.17 (0.62–2.21) | 0.639 |
| Frequency of vigorous workout (per week) | ||
| ≤ 3 | 1 | |
| > 3 | 1.05 (0.59–1.85) | 0.880 |
| Frequency of moderate workout (per week) | ||
| ≤ 3 | 1 | |
| > 3 | 0.80 (0.47–1.38) | 0.428 |
| Frequency of destress (per week) | ||
| ≤ 3 | 1 | |
| > 3 | 0.75 (0.42–1.33) | 0.332 |
| Smokingb | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 2.21 (1.16–4.2) | 0.016* |
| Consumption of alcoholc | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.30 (0.14–0.65) | 0.002* |
| Type of nutrition | ||
| Omnivorous | 1 | |
| Non-omnivorous | 0.64 (0.19–2.21) | 0.484 |
| Consumption of probiotics | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.84 (0.48–1.46) | 0.527 |
| Consumption of vitamins and supplement | ||
| No | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.46 (0.25–0.99) | 0.046* |
| Consumption of fruits (portions per week) | ||
| 0 to 1 | 1 | |
| 2 to 3 | 1.87 (0.91–3.87) | 0.091* |
| 4 to 5 | 1.18 (0.47–3.01) | 0.725 |
| > 5 | 1.23 (0.62–2.44) | 0.555 |
| Consumption of vegetables (portions per week) | ||
| 0 to 1 | 1 | |
| 2 to 3 | 0.57 (0.25–1.32) | 0.188* |
| 4 to 5 | 0.66 (0.26–1.71) | 0.395 |
| > 5 | 1.06 (0.50–2.24) | 0.889 |
| Consumption of dairy (portions per week) | ||
| 0 to 1 | 1 | |
| 2 to 3 | 0.57 (0.36–1.88) | 0.651 |
| 4 to 5 | 0.66 (0.97–5.39) | 0.059* |
| > 5 | 1.06 (1.48–5.91) | 0.002* |
| Consumption of fish (portions per week) | ||
| 0 to 1 | 1 | |
| 2 to 3 | 1.08 (0.55–2.12) | 0.832 |
| 4 to 5 | 1.26 (0.53–3.02) | 0.598 |
| > 5 | 0.94 (0.40–2.22) | 0.890 |
| Consumption of red meat (portions per week) | ||
| 0 to 1 | 1 | |
| 2 to 3 | 0.89 (0.40–1.97) | 0.772 |
| 4 to 5 | 0.53 (0.10–2.84) | 0.461 |
| > 5 | 1.63 (0.64–4.16) | 0.307 |
| Consumption of white meat (portions per week) | ||
| 0 to 1 | 1 | |
| 2 to 3 | 1.12 (0.42–3.03) | 0.821 |
| 4 to 5 | 1.47 (0.62–3.48) | 0.377 |
| > 5 | 2.36 (1.16–4.78) | 0.017* |
COR crude odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
*Statistical significance (p-value < 0.25).
aPresence of any other chronic ailments such as hypertension, renal failure, diabetes etc.
bSmokes at least once per week.
cConsumes alcohol at least once per week.