Table 2.

Normal three-dimensional right ventricular and right atrial echocardiographic reference values.

	Source	N	Age (mean ± SD or range)	FR (Vol/s)	Analysis method	Tracing	Male (mean ± SD)										Female (mean ± SD)
							N	EDVi ml/m2 (mean ± SD)	EDVi + 2SD ml/m2 upper limit	ESVi ml/m2 (mean ± SD)	ESVi + 2SD ml/m2 upper limit	EF % (mean ± SD)	EF % lower limit	N	EDVi ml/m2	EDVi + 2SD ml/m2 upper limit	ESVi ml/m2	ESVi + 2SD ml/m2 upper limit	EF % (mean ± SD)	EF % lower limit
RV	Gopal et al. (28)	71	56 ± 14	15–18	Short-axis disk summation	Manual	36	75 ± 13	101	38 ± 7	52	49 ± 10	29	37	65 ± 13	91	29 ± 11	51	56 ± 9	38
	Aune et al. (29)	166	29–80	NA	Automated border-detection (Qlab version 6)	Semi-automated	79	42 ± 11	64	17 ± 6	29	60 ± 11	38	87	38 ± 10	58	15 ± 5	25	62 ± 10	42
	Maffessanti et al. (17)	507	46 ± 16	26–40	Automated border-detection (TomTec version 1.2)	Semi-automated	247	59 ± 15	89	24 ± 9	42	60 ± 9	42	260	50 ± 11	72	19 ± 7	33	64 ± 9	46
	Addetia et al. (19)	1,051	47 ± 17	>15	Automated border-detection (TomTec)	Semi-automated	540	82 ± 21	124	37 ± 11	59	55 ± 5	45	511	70 ± 17	104	31 ± 9	49	57 ± 6	45
RA	Peluso et al. (37)	200	43 ± 15	NA	Automated border-detection (TomTec)	Semi-automated	87	12 ± 4	20	31 ± 8	47	61 ± 8	45	113	9 ± 3	15	27 ± 6	39	65 ± 8	49
	Soulat-Dufour et al. (41)	2,008	47 ± 17	NA	Automated border-detection (TomTec)	Semi-automated	1,033	11 ± 4	19	23 ± 7	37	53 ± 7	39	975	10 ± 3	16	21 ± 6	33	53 ± 7	39

Upper limits for volumes and lower limits for Ejection fraction also reported.

EDVi, indexed end-diastolic volume; ESVi, indexed end-systolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; FR, frame rate.