Table 3.
Sample description, language proficiency, and cultural identification by individual characteristics (means, standard deviations, paired sample test for immigrant background, figures for majority students in brackets)a
| Individual characteristics | Distribution parameter | Command of Germanb | Command of heritage languagec | Cultural identification | Paired sample t test for cultural identificationd | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heritage | Host | |||||||||||
| % or M/SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | t (df) | p | d | |
| Total | −0.26 [0.26] | 1.00 [0.94] | 0.00 | 1.00 | 3.22 | 0.80 | 2.69 [2.91] | 0.75 [0.74] | 13.84 (700) | <0.01 | 0.74 | |
| Age (in years, May 2014; M/SD) | 15.3/0.68 [15.2/0.59] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| SES (HISEI; M/SD) | 51.7/20.3 [60.0/18.7] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Female | 50.1 [46.8] | −0.15 | 0.97 | 0.08 | 0.97 | 3.30 | 0.77 | 2.66 | 0.72 | 10.47 (339) | <0.01 | 0.91 |
| Male | 49.9 [53.2] | −0.38 | 1.02 | −0.08 | 1.02 | 3.14 | 0.82 | 2.72 | 0.78 | 7.935 (342) | <0.01 | 0.59 |
| Immigration background | ||||||||||||
| One parent | 40.3 | 0.08 | 0.95 | −0.31 | 1.16 | 3.01 | 0.88 | 2.93 | 0.71 | 1.72 (172) | 0.09 | 0.17 |
| Both parents | 59.7 | −0.16 | 0.88 | 0.21 | 0.85 | 3.34 | 0.75 | 2.66 | 0.68 | 11.39 (302) | <0.01 | 0.92 |
| Immigrant generation | ||||||||||||
| First | 22.0 | −0.39 | 0.99 | 0.24 | 0.78 | 3.22 | 0.77 | 2.58 | 0.70 | 6.90 (124) | <0.01 | 0.88 |
| Second | 78.0 | −0.05 | 0.92 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 3.21 | 0.82 | 2.79 | 0.72 | 8.24 (406) | <0.01 | 0.60 |
| Language acquisition | ||||||||||||
| Simultaneous bilingual | 44.3 | −0.20 | 0.95 | 0.41 | 0.56 | 3.29 | 0.74 | 2.75 | 0.77 | 9.44 (320) | <0.01 | 0.53 |
| Sequential bilingual | 36.2 | −0.41 | 1.02 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 3.34 | 0.75 | 2.56 | 0.71 | 12.43 (272) | <0.01 | 0.78 |
| German monolingual | 19.5 | −0.03 | 1.03 | −1.75 | 0.00 | 2.61 | 0.88 | 2.96 | 0.66 | −2.14 (76) | 0.04 | 0.24 |
| Country/region of origine | ||||||||||||
|
Former USSR and Poland |
16.4 | −0.02 | 0.89 | 0.07 | 0.94 | 3.09 | 0.76 | 2.81 | 0.67 | 3.17 (117) | <0.01 | 0.40 |
| USSR | 9.0 | 0.04 | 0.80 | 0.19 | 0.80 | 3.11 | 0.72 | 2.84 | 0.673 | 2.17 (63) | 0.03 | 0.42 |
| Poland | 7.4 | −0.09 | 0.99 | −0.09 | 1.09 | 3.04 | 0.81 | 2.730 | 0.693 | 2.22 (53) | 0.03 | 0.29 |
| Former Yugoslavia | 8.6 | −0.37 | 0.90 | 0.10 | 0.93 | 3.41 | 0.80 | 2.56 | 0.841 | 5.45 (58) | <0.01 | 1.04 |
| Other European countryf | 8.8 | 0.05 | 1.01 | −0.54 | 1.17 | 2.99 | 0.84 | 2.70 | 0.863 | 2.16 (57) | 0.04 | 0.34 |
| Turkey | 30.8 | −0.34 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.92 | 3.45 | 0.72 | 2.59 | 0.76 | 12.48 (232) | <0.01 | 1.20 |
| Middle East/North Africag | 15.8 | −0.53 | 1.02 | −0.05 | 0.90 | 3.23 | 0.81 | 2.73 | 0.72 | 5.149 (118) | <0.01 | 0.71 |
| Asia | 8.1 | 0.03 | 0.86 | −0.06 | 0.98 | 2.95 | 0.82 | 2.75 | 0.663 | 1.45 (64) | 0.15 | 0.27 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 2.0 | −0.19 | 0.83 | −1.69 | 0.94 | 2.67 | 0.89 | 2.60 | 0.413 | 0.375 (16) | 0.71 | 0.15 |
| Other non-European countryh | 9.4 | 0.04 | 1.09 | −0.39 | 1.20 | 3.32 | 0.81 | 2.53 | 0.84 | 3.82 (58) | <0.01 | 0.96 |
| South or Central America | 1.4 | 0.03 | 0.87 | −0.27 | 1.19 | 3.24 | 0.65 | 2.52 | 0.84 | 2.21 (10) | 0.05 | 1.12 |
| North America, Australia, or New Zealand | 0.4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Unspecified | 7.6 | 0.04 | 1.13 | −0.41 | 1.20 | 3.147 | 0.783 | 2.622 | 0.762 | 3.15 (47) | <0.01 | 0.68 |
aWeighted data
bStandardized in the total sample
cStandardized in the sample of students with immigrant background
dThe paired sample t test is used to capture intraindividual differences between a given student’s heritage and host identification
eOrdered according to cultural distance as perceived by secondary students in Germany (Schachner et al., 2014, Table 2)
fPredominantly southern and south-eastern European countries
gIncluding Afghanistan, Iran, and Maghreb countries
hNot ranked according to perceived cultural distance