Table 5.
SEM analyses: regression of academic performance, school attachment, self-esteem, and life satisfaction on cultural identification and covariates (parameters for academic performance, school attachment, and self-esteem concurrently estimated, standardized regression coefficients, robust standard errors in parentheses, N = 833)
| Predictors | Academic performancea | School attachmentb | Self-esteemc | Life satisfactiond | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1a 1st generation N = 137e |
Model 1b 2nd generation N = 450e |
Model 2 2nd generation N = 450e |
|
| Cultural identification | |||||||||
| With host culture (HOS)f | 0.187** (0.050) | 0.131** (0.045) | 0.264** (0.057) | 0.334** (0.067) | −0.032 (0.063) | 0.008 (0.056) | 0.281** (0.104) | 0.171** (0.068) | 0.140* (0.069) |
| With heritage culture (HER)f | −0.138** (0.056) | −0.129** (0.048) | 0.127* (0.060) | 0.133* (0.053) | 0.117* (0.053) | 0.158** (0.046) | −0.034 (0.116) | 0.204** (0.065) | 0.161** (0.052) |
| Interaction HOS × HER | −0.167** (0.056) | −0.076+ (0.045) | −0.061 (0.063) | – | −0.034 (0.077) | – | 0.010 (0.111) | −0.265** (0.049) | −0.278** (0.046) |
| Interaction HOS × Turkish origin | −0.121* (0.056) | ||||||||
| Individual characteristics | |||||||||
| Gender (female)g | 0.290** (0.081) | −0.107 (0.081) | −0.428** (0.077) | −0.291** (0.099) | |||||
| SES (HISEI) | 0.231 (0.110) | −0.066 (0.073) | −0.255** (0.075) | −0.191** (0.066) | |||||
| Immigrant generation (second)g | 0.174 (0.176) | 0.205 (0.149) | 0.127 (0.156) | ||||||
| Region of origin (Ref.: former USSR and Poland) | |||||||||
| Former Yugoslaviag | −0.139 (0.211) | −0.256 (0.220) | −0.235+ (0.167) | −0.185 (0.323) | |||||
| Other European countryg | −0.017 (0.208) | −0.339 (0.220) | −0.032 (0.166) | −0.029 (0.160) | |||||
| Turkeyg | −0.027 (0.188) | −0.117 (0.161) | −0.119 (0.147) | −0.159 (0.203) | |||||
| Middle Eastg | −0.085 (0.169) | −0.155 (0.121) | 0.251 (0.178) | 0.122 (0.176) | |||||
| Asiag | 0.422* (0.218) | 0.0814 (0.181) | −0.217 (0.157) | −0.402+ (0.220) | |||||
| Sub-Saharan Africag | 0.172 (0.352) | −0.237 (0.260) | 0.054 (0.289) | −0.356 (0.426) | |||||
| Institutional characteristics | |||||||||
| School track (Gymnasium)g | 0.455** (0.123) | 0.198 (0.131) | −0.0751(0.072) | 0.197 (0.118) | |||||
| Proportion students with immigrant background in grade cohort (%) | −0.113* (0.059) | 0.001 (0.068) | 0.455* (0.217) | 0.177* (0.076) | |||||
| Ethnic heterogeneity (Gini–Simpson Index) | 0.035 (0.055) | −0.038 (0.062) | −0.074 (0.057) | −0.218** (0.078) | |||||
| Multiculturalism climate (MC)h | 0.128* (0.060) | −0.051 (0.062) | −0.107** (0.041) | −0.003 (0.069) | |||||
| R2 | 0.083* (0.029) | 0.257** (0.038) | 0.087** (0.026) | 0.126** (0.034) | 0.016 (0.015) | 0.178** (0.044) | 0.079 (0.059) | 0.134** (0.036) | 0.260** (0.060) |
aLatent construct; measurement model: final grades in German, the first foreign language, math, physics, and biology at the end of grade 10
bLatent construct; measured with eight indicators (see Methods)
cLatent construct; measured with four indicators (see Methods)
dLatent construct; measured with four indicators (see Methods)
eNtotal = 587 due to missing values on generation.
fLatent construct; measured with four indicators (see Methods and Table 2)
gRegression coefficients y-standardized
hRegression HOS on MC: β = 0.017 (0.034) and HER on MC: β = 0.088 (0.059)
**p ≤ 0.0.01, *p ≤ 0.05, +p ≤ 0.10