Table 1.

Change in loneliness levels due to the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions

	M1	M2	M3	M4
Age (ref. 14–29)
30–64	− 0.692***	− 0.742***	− 0.525***	0.275
65–79	− 0.719***	− 0.910***	− 0.678***	0.221
80–99	− 0.841***	− 1.114***	− 0.896***	− 0.246
Female		0.278***	0.265***	0.265***
Health risk		0.272**	0.268**	0.274**
Shared Household		− 0.276**	0.0951	0.870**
Living with partner			− 0.458***	− 0.392***
30–64 × Shared Household				− 0.876*
65–79 × Shared Household				− 1.009**
80–99 × Shared Household				− 0.609
From June 1st	0.148	0.208+	0.195+	0.203+
Telephone in pre-Covid-19 wave	1.282***	1.247***	1.251***	1.247***
Web in Covid-19 wave	0.376**	0.463***	0.464***	0.468***
Constant	− 0.531*	− 0.501*	− 0.710**	− 1.442***
R2	0.022	0.028	0.031	0.032
AIC	27454	27423	27407	27406
BIC	27501	27490	27481	27499

Source: SHP 2019/2020 and SHP COVID-19 Study 2020, weighted (N = 5782)

Change score models, ⁺p < 0.10, * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001