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. 2024 Jan 3;14:344. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48792-0

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic depiction of the paradigm. Each trial started with a fixation cross, which was followed by one of three Gabor patches corresponding each to a specific condition. Both (a) reward condition and (b) neutral condition were followed by a light flash to which participants had to respond as fast as possible. Based on the speed of the response a specific feedback was provided indicating if the participant was fast enough or too slow. Given the chance to win 1 euro per trial in the reward condition, the cumulative total win was presented only in this condition. (c) was the control condition in which only the Gabor patch was presented and no response was required.