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. 2024 Jan 3;14:330. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-51025-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Identification of potential pathways and processes involved in the long-term consequences of early parental deprivation. (a) Volcano plot of human hand-reared aged marmosets vs parent-reared aged marmosets. In the plot, 381 genes that exhibited upregulation in the human hand-reared marmosets were shown in red color (fold change > 2.0, P < 0.05). On the other hand, 186 genes that displayed downregulation were shown in blue color (fold change < −2.0, P < 0.05). (b) GSEA of the BOQUEST STEM CELL UP, NABA ECM GLYCOPROTEINS, and WU CELL MIGRATION enriched in human hand-reared marmosets compared to parent-reared aged marmosets. (c) Heat Map illustrates the partially or completely overlapped genes among BOQUEST STEM CELL UP, NABA ECM GLYCOPROTEINS, and WU CELL MIGRATION gene sets. The intensity of the blue color indicates the degree of decreased expression.