Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the survey respondent cohort
| Overall (n = 590) | Cluster MIN (n = 358, 60.7%) | Cluster PHY (n = 92, 15.6%) | Cluster COG (n = 82, 13.9%) | Cluster MLT (n = 58, 9.8%) | Overall p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age at enrollment (years), median (IQR) | 57.0 (47.0–66.0) | 57.0 (45.0–66.0) | 61.0 (50.5–69.0) | 54.5 (46.0–62.0) | 60.0 (52.0–71.0) | 0.006 | ||
| Sex at birth, no. (%) | Male | 360 (61) | 238 (66) | 49 (53) | 42 (51) | 31 (53) | 0.009 | |
| Female | 230 (39) | 120 (34) | 43 (47) | 40 (49) | 27 (47) | |||
| Race, no. (%)a | White | 289 (49) | 175 (49) | 55 (60) | 27 (33) | 32 (55) | 0.011 | |
| Black | 131 (22) | 82 (23) | 16 (17) | 20 (24) | 13 (22) | |||
| Ethnicity, no. (%)b | Non-Hispanic | 384 (65) | 233 (65) | 57 (62) | 49 (60) | 45 (78) | 0.313 | |
| Hispanic | 189 (32) | 113 (32) | 32 (35) | 32 (39) | 12 (21) | |||
| Comorbidities, no. (%) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 327 (55) | 183 (51) | 56 (61) | 50 (61) | 38 (66) | 0.066 | ||
| Diabetes | 200 (34) | 108 (30) | 37 (40) | 33 (40) | 22 (38) | 0.124 | ||
| Chronic respiratory (not asthma) | 104 (18) | 48 (13) | 27 (29) | 14 (17) | 15 (26) | 0.001 | ||
| Asthma | 101 (17) | 56 (16) | 20 (22) | 16 (20) | 9 (16) | 0.499 | ||
| Chronic cardiac disease | 142 (24) | 70 (20) | 29 (32) | 22 (27) | 21 (36) | 0.008 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 69 (12) | 44 (12) | 9 (10) | 12 (15) | 4 (7) | 0.488 | ||
| Malignant neoplasm | 49 (8) | 32 (9) | 9 (10) | 5 (6) | 3 (5) | 0.631 | ||
| Chronic neurologic disorder | 61 (10) | 22 (6) | 14 (15) | 9 (11) | 16 (28) | <0.001 | ||
| Liver disease | 28 (5) | 15 (4) | 6 (7) | 4 (5) | 3 (5) | 0.822 | ||
| History of SOT or BMT | 31 (5) | 16 (4) | 4 (4) | 7 (9) | 4 (7) | 0.443 | ||
| Current or former smoking and/or vaping | 182 (31) | 101 (28) | 33 (36) | 24 (29) | 24 (41) | 0.147 | ||
| Substance use (drugs, alcohol, and/or cannabis) | 40 (7) | 22 (6) | 5 (5) | 5 (6) | 8 (14) | 0.167 | ||
| BMI category in Kg/m2, no. (%)b | Normal weight | 65 (11) | 41 (11) | 5 (5) | 12 (15) | 7 (12) | 0.021 | |
| Overweight (25.1–29.9) | 162 (27) | 108 (30) | 19 (21) | 20 (24) | 15 (26) | |||
| Class 1–2 Obesity (30–39.9) | 256 (43) | 151 (42) | 43 (47) | 36 (44) | 26 (45) | |||
| Class 3 Obesity (40+) | 90 (15) | 43 (12) | 25 (27) | 13 (16) | 9 (16) | |||
| Number of comorbidities, median (IQR) | (n = 590) | 3.0 (2.0–40) | 3.0 (1.0–4.0) | 4.0 (2.5–5.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) | 3.0 (2.0–6.0) | <0.001 | |
| None | 35 (6) | 30 (8) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | 2 (3) | 0.006 | ||
| 1 | 92 (16) | 68 (19) | 9 (10) | 11 (13) | 4 (7) | |||
| 2 | 116 (20) | 75 (21) | 14 (15) | 13 (16) | 14 (24) | |||
| 3 | 118 (20) | 65 (18) | 21 (23) | 22 (27) | 10 (17) | |||
| 4 | 83 (14) | 45 (13) | 17 (18) | 12 (15) | 9 (16) | |||
| 5 or more | 146 (25) | 75 (21) | 31 (34) | 21 (26) | 19 (33) | |||
| Baseline visit | ||||||||
| Infiltrates on chest X-ray or chest tomography | No infiltrates | 137 (25) | 80 (24) | 27 (30) | 17 (23) | 13 (23) | 0.645 | |
| Unilateral infiltrates | 50 (9) | 32 (9) | 8 (9) | 3 (4) | 7 (13) | |||
| Bilateral infiltrates | 369 (66) | 225 (66) | 53 (60) | 55 (73) | 36 (64) | |||
| Level of respiratory support | Mechanically ventilated or ECMO | 41 (7) | 22 (6) | 6 (7) | 9 (11) | 4 (7) | 0.075 | |
| Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen | 124 (21) | 86 (24) | 12 (13) | 19 (23) | 7 (12) | |||
| Supplemental oxygen (not high flow) | 284 (48) | 173 (48) | 52 (57) | 32 (39) | 27 (47) | |||
| None | 141 (24) | 77 (22) | 22 (24) | 22 (27) | 20 (34) | |||
| SpO2/FiO2 ratio category at lowest satc | 235 or lower | 100 (17) | 67 (19) | 9 (10) | 16 (20) | 8 (14) | 0.537 | |
| 236–315 | 101 (17) | 58 (16) | 19 (21) | 16 (20) | 8 (14) | |||
| 315 or higher | 355 (60) | 214 (60) | 56 (61) | 46 (56) | 39 (67) | |||
| SOFA score, median (IQR) | (n = 590) | 0.0 (0–2.0) | 0.0 (0–2.0) | 0.0 (0–2.0) | 0.5 (0–3.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.0) | 0.435 | |
| Baseline labs | ||||||||
| Lymphocyte count (1000 s/microliter), median (IQR)d | (n = 495) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.2 (0.7–1.8) | 1.1 (0.5–1.6) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 0.371 | |
| Platelet count (1000 s/microliter), median (IQR)c | (n = 560) | 238.5 (178–303) | 241.0 (189–313) | 218.5 (149–282) | 247.0 (180–292) | 222.0 (166–282) | 0.017 | |
| ALT (Units/L), median (IQR)e | (n = 515) | 33.0 (22–57) | 34.0 (23–59) | 30.0 (19–48) | 33.5 (21–56) | 31.0 (22–50) | 0.378 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median (IQR)b | (n = 568) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.991 | |
| CRP (mg/L), median (IQR)f | (n = 418) | 14.5 (6.0–74.7) | 14.5 (6.7–76.5) | 12.4 (5.0–82.2) | 26.0 (6.8–93.0) | 9.0 (4.5–60.4) | 0.048 | |
| D-dimer (mg/L), median (IQR)f | (n = 416) | 0.7 (0.5–1.3) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.9 (0.4–1.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.3) | 0.008 | |
| Troponin (ng/mL), median (IQR)g | (n = 199) | 0.0 (0.01–0.06) | 0.0 (0.01–0.06) | 0.0 (0.01–2.9) | 0.0 (0.01–0.05) | 0.0 (0.02–0.04) | 0.252 | |
| Severity & utilization during acute hospitalization | ||||||||
| Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | (n = 590) | 5.0 (4.0–10.0) | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) | 5.0 (3.0–9.0) | 6.0 (5.0–12.0) | 6.0 (5.0–12.0) | 0.021 | |
| ICU at any time during acute hospitalization | 159 (27) | 92 (26) | 23 (25) | 25 (30) | 19 (33) | 0.577 | ||
| Acute trajectory group | TG1y | 145 (25) | 97 (27) | 24 (26) | 15 (18) | 9 (16) | 0.327 | |
| TG2 | 195 (33) | 109 (30) | 27 (29) | 33 (40) | 26 (45) | |||
| TG3 | 151 (26) | 93 (26) | 26 (28) | 18 (22) | 14 (24) | |||
| TG4 | 99 (17) | 59 (16) | 15 (16) | 16 (20) | 9 (16) | |||
| Acute complications reported | ||||||||
| Any complications | 490 (83) | 308 (86) | 72 (78) | 66 (80) | 44 (76) | 0.099 | ||
| Number of complications, median (IQR) | (n = 590) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.95 | |
| Acute renal injury/failure | 94 (16) | 55 (15) | 20 (22) | 13 (16) | 6 (10) | 0.289 | ||
| Liver dysfunction/failure | 68 (12) | 47 (13) | 7 (8) | 5 (6) | 9 (16) | 0.135 | ||
| Anemia | 62 (11) | 33 (9) | 10 (11) | 16 (20) | 3 (5) | 0.024 | ||
| Shock (use of vasopressors) | 45 (8) | 20 (6) | 8 (9) | 8 (10) | 9 (16) | 0.048 | ||
| Bacteremia | 39 (7) | 20 (6) | 8 (9) | 6 (7) | 5 (9) | 0.637 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 32 (5) | 16 (4) | 6 (7) | 6 (7) | 4 (7) | 0.644 | ||
| Acute venous thromboembolism | 29 (5) | 16 (4) | 5 (5) | 6 (7) | 2 (3) | 0.686 | ||
| Congestive heart failure (CHF)/cardiomyopathy | 26 (4) | 14 (4) | 6 (7) | 4 (5) | 2 (3) | 0.716 | ||
| Hyperglycemia | 24 (4) | 14 (4) | 4 (4) | 3 (4) | 3 (5) | 0.968 | ||
| Medications during acute hospitalization | ||||||||
| Steroids | 400 (68) | 251 (70) | 63 (68) | 55 (67) | 31 (53) | 0.094 | ||
| Remdesivir | 377 (64) | 236 (66) | 60 (65) | 47 (57) | 34 (59) | 0.4 | ||
| Convalescent symptoms | ||||||||
| Any symptom reported during convalescence | 305 (52) | 149 (42) | 58 (64) | 55 (68) | 43 (74) | <0.001 | ||
| Any upper respiratory (sore throat, conjunctivitis) | 106 (18) | 38 (11) | 18 (20) | 25 (31) | 25 (43) | <0.001 | ||
| Conjunctivitis/red eyes | 79 (13) | 26 (7) | 14 (16) | 17 (21) | 22 (38) | <0.001 | ||
| Sore throat | 43 (7) | 14 (4) | 7 (8) | 10 (12) | 12 (21) | <0.001 | ||
| Any cardiopulmonary (cough, dyspnea) | 204 (35) | 92 (26) | 37 (41) | 37 (46) | 38 (66) | <0.001 | ||
| Dyspnea | 171 (29) | 73 (20) | 31 (34) | 33 (41) | 34 (59) | <0.001 | ||
| Cough | 116 (20) | 44 (12) | 26 (29) | 21 (26) | 25 (43) | <0.001 | ||
| Any systemic (fever, fatigue, myalgia, chills) | 173 (30) | 65 (18) | 35 (39) | 38 (47) | 35 (60) | <0.001 | ||
| Fatigue | 107 (18) | 33 (9) | 17 (19) | 29 (36) | 28 (48) | <0.001 | ||
| Myalgia | 121 (21) | 39 (11) | 24 (27) | 29 (36) | 29 (50) | <0.001 | ||
| Fever | 27 (5) | 9 (3) | 5 (6) | 8 (10) | 5 (9) | 0.012 | ||
| Chills | 15 (3) | 6 (2) | 4 (4) | 4 (5) | 1 (2) | 0.223 | ||
| Any neurologic (headache, anosmia) | 162 (28) | 64 (18) | 27 (30) | 39 (48) | 32 (55) | <0.001 | ||
| Headache | 112 (19) | 40 (11) | 20 (22) | 27 (33) | 25 (43) | <0.001 | ||
| Anosmia | 83 (14) | 29 (8) | 13 (14) | 21 (26) | 20 (34) | <0.001 | ||
| Any gastrointestinal (nausea/vomiting) | 41 (7) | 11 (3) | 11 (12) | 9 (11) | 10 (17) | <0.001 | ||
Cluster MIN: minimal deficit, cluster PHY: deficit, physical predominant, cluster COG: deficit, mental/cognitive predominant and cluster MLT: deficit, multidomain.
SOT solid organ transplantation, BMT bone marrow transplantation, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, SpO2/FiO2 saturation of oxygen/ fraction of inspired oxygen, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment score, ICU Intensive care unit, ALT alanine transaminase; CRP: C-reactive protein.
Two-sided p values without adjustment for multiple comparisons are reported from Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous age, χ2 test for categorical variables.
a28% other/declined/unknown/missing.
bLess than 5% missing data.
cLess than 10% missing data.
dLess than 20% missing data.
eLess than 15% missing data.
fLess than 30% missing data.
g66% did not have troponin level on admission.