Table 1. Principles and elements of antibiotic stewardship programs [5-9].

IT: information technology

Principles and Elements	Description
Commitment to Leadership	Support from the leadership is critical for successful Antimicrobial Stewardship Program implementation. They can take various forms, such as Supportive training, education of the staff, and making finance, IT resources, and time available for the Antimicrobial stewardship program.
Accountability and Drug Expertise	The stewardship program benefits from physicians trained in infectious disease and antibiotic stewardship and designating a single pharmacist leader as co-leader to enhance outcomes.
Action	The implementation of policies that advocate for the optimal use of antibiotics, the application of specific interventions to enhance antibiotic utilization, and the prioritization of interventions based on the requirements of the healthcare setting. Adoption of policies helps to modify or discontinue antimicrobials promptly.
Tracking and Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Outcomes	Discover improvement areas and monitor the results of improvement actions, for example, evaluating whether the prescriber correctly prescribed an antimicrobial drug for a specific indication, including a duration record and appropriate testing before treatment.
Education	Prescribers are encouraged to optimize antimicrobial prescriptions by receiving new information on antibiotic prescribing, resistance, and management of infectious diseases. Staff groups can be educated through informative presentations and electronic communications, among other methods.