Table 1.

Demographic details of studies included.

Study details				Age (Case group)		Age (Control group)		Gender (Study group) ratio	Gender (Control group) ratio
S.no.	Author/Date	Country	Type of breathing exercise studied	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	M:F	M:F
1	De Barros et al., 2017	Brazil	Device guided slow breathing	49	9	52	11	47	23/73
2	Shetty et al., 2017	India	Sheetali and Sheetkari pranayamas	–	–	–	–		–
3	Li et al., 2017	China	Slow breathing	54.08	5.18	53.6	4.83	30	30/30
4	Kow et al., 2018	Malaysia	Music guided breathing	62.6	9.6	59.7	9.6	57.1:42.9	48.9:51.1
5	Ublosakka- Jones et al., 2018	Thailand	Slow loaded breathing training	66.4	4.2	68.2	4.8	1/8	8/8
6	Kalaivani et al., 2019	India	alternate nostril breathing exercise	–	–	–	–	31/54	39/46
7	Lachowska et al., 2019	Poland	device-guided SLOWB	52	17	52	17	16 (76 %)	16 (76 %)
8	Misra et al., 2019	Columbia	Yogic breathing exercises	61.6	11.3	58.6	12	54:46:00	46:54:00
9	Srinivasan et al., 2019	India	Slow breathing (4 s inspiration and 6 s expiration)	45.1	8.25	42.2	9.23	65/35	60/40
10	Fetter et al., 2020	Brazil	Ujjayi pranayam	59	1.1	58	1.2	14	All Females
11	Ghati et al., 2021	India	Bee-humming exercise	49.59	7.88	48.25	8.45	53:47:00	54:46:00
12	Sathe et al., 2020	India	Buteyko breathing and bhramari group	60.57	8.96	59.71	8.95	11	11:10
13	Thanalakshmi et al., 2020	India	Sheetali pranayama	37.8	12.21	39.2	10.8	28/12	29/11
14	Dhungana et al., 2021	Nepal	Pranayam	47.1	11	48.4	10.7	42.6:57.4	61.6:38.3
15	Craighead et al., 2021	USA	high‐resistance Inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST)	67	2	67	2	8	9:09