Table 2.

Characteristics of studies included.

S.no.	Author/Location/Date	Sample size (breathing, control)	% completed (breathing, Control)	Study population	Breathing exercise intervention (study group)	Breathing exercise frequency/duration of session	Adverse events
1	De Barros et al.37, 2017, Brazil	22,19	77, 78	Hypertensive adults (>18years), both-genders, with or without treatment, without any comorbidities	Device-guided slow breathing (DGB)	15 min/day - 4 weeks	Nil
2	Shetty et al.4, 2017, India	30,30	100,100	Hypertensive adults of age between 25 and 65 years on regular medication, without any comorbidities	Sheetali and Sheetkari Pranayama	20 min/day - 30 days	Nil
3	Li et al.38, 2017, China	60,60	100,100	Hypertensive patients without any regular medication use, and co-morbid condition	Slow Breathing	One session −16 min	Nil
4	Kow et al.39, 2018, Malaysia	42,45	92,97	Adult patients with Stage I hypertension diagnosed at least 6 months back, with/without medications and without any co-morbid condition	Music guided deep breathing exercise	15 min/day - 8 weeks	Nil
5	Ublosakka- Jones et al.40, 2018, Thailand	16,16	100,100	Old Adults between the age of 60–80 years, with controlled isolated systolic hypertension, without any comorbid condition	Slow guided breathing	10 min/day - 8 weeks	Nil
6	Kalaivani et al.41, 2019, India	85,85	100,100	Hypertensive adults between the age of 30 and 60 years on regular medications	Alternate nostril breathing	20 min/day - 5 days	Nil
7	Lachowska et al.42, 2019, Poland	11,10	100,80	Adults, >18 years of age, with HFeEF on optimal medical management	Device- guided slow breathing	30 min/day - 3 months	Nil
8	Misra et al.43, 2019, Columbia	101,32	60,69	Adults with uncontrolled hypertension, regardless of pharmacological therapy, without any comorbid condition, 52 % male, mean age of 61 years	Yogic breathing exercise	15 min/day - 6 weeks (5 times a week)	Nil
9	Srinivasan et al.44, 2019, India	20,20	100,100	Adults with pre and stage I hypertension between the age of 30 and 60 years, including both genders, with no comorbidities	Slow breathing (4 s inspiration and 6 s expiration)	One session - 30 min	Nil
10	Fetter et al.45, 2020, Brazil	14,10	100,100	Females between the age of 45 and 68 years, with a blood pressure of >140/90 mmHg, on medication (CCB), without any comorbidities	Ujjayi breathing	75-min session, twice a week - 12 weeks	Nil
11	Ghati et al., 46 2021, India	35,35	91,100	Adults from 30 to 70 years of age, with blood pressure >140 and > 90, including both genders, on medication, without any comorbidities	Bee-humming exercise	1 session	Nil
12	Sathe et al.47, 2020, India	21,21	100,100	Adults with age >40 years with hypertension from the past 20 years, with a history of CAD, on medications	Buteyko and bhramari pranayam	6 cycles/day -one month	nil
13	Thanalakshmi et al.48, 2020, India	50,50	80,84	Adults with primary hypertension from age 18–60 years including both genders, without any comorbidities	Sheetali Pranayama	30 min session - 90 days	Nil
14	Dhungana et al.49, 2021, Nepal	61,60	96, 98	Adults with stage 1 hypertension including both genders, taking anti-hypertensive medications without any comorbidities	Pranayam	30 min/day for 5 days a week - 90 days	Nil
15	Craighead et al.50, 2021, USA	18,18	83, 77	Men and postmenopausal women with systolic BP more than 120 mmHg, without any co-morbidities	High‐resistance Inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST)	6 days per week - 6 weeks	Nil