Table 3.
Least square means a percentage of recordings of calves' behavior along the day, calculated as the ratio between the number of occurrences of a target behavior and the total recording occurrences in a day and then multiplied by 100.
| Behavior | Timing a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EM | LM | EA | LA | EV | NI | |
| Ingestion | ||||||
| Eating solid | 6.13 ± 5.43 | 8.36 ± 7.38 | 1.64 ± 3.42 | 9.93 ± 5.14 | 0.93 ± 2.03 | 0.47 ± 1.48 |
| Eating liquid | 2.04 ± 1.35 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 2.02 ± 1.35 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
| Drinking | 0.15 ± 0.65 | 0.29 ± 1.00 | 0.16 ± 0.68 | 0.27 ± 0.91 | 0.14 ± 0.69 | 0.06 ± 0.37 |
| Resting | ||||||
| Sternal recumbency | 28.87 ± 14.42 | 38.58 ± 17.14 | 40.45 ± 18.79 | 17.47 ± 11.37 | 53.14 ± 21.63 | 44.85± 21.68 |
| Lateral recumbency | 6.60 ± 9.97 | 7.29 ± 11.20 | 12.56 ± 14.37 | 2.31 ± 5.17 | 12.19 ± 16.41 | 14.97 ± 17.32 |
| Rest standing | 14.48 ± 9.61 | 11.07 ± 9.11 | 5.38 ± 5.33 | 21.37 ± 12.25 | 5.85 ± 6.70 | 2.11 ± 2.79 |
| Ruminating | ||||||
| Standing ruminating | 0.16 ± 0.75 | 0.10 ± 0.68 | 0.05 ± 0.35 | 0.13 ± 0.73 | 0.03 ± 0.32 | 0.05 ± 0.35 |
| Lateral ruminating | 2.59 ± 4.73 | 1.14 ± 3.54 | 3.14 ± 5.33 | 0.56 ± 2.16 | 1.64 ± 3.88 | 5.68 ± 8.85 |
| Sternal ruminating | 13.00 ± 9.74 | 7.31 ± 7.41 | 17.24 ± 11.95 | 6.09 ± 6.08 | 9.52 ± 9.18 | 22.94 ± 15.52 |
| Movement | ||||||
| General agitation | 0.18 ± 0.59 | 0.04 ± 0.33 | 0.01 ± 0.14 | 0.40 ± 0.87 | 0.03 ± 0.26 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
| Standing/lying | 0.20 ± 0.67 | 0.22 ± 0.67 | 0.20 ± 0.63 | 0.17 ± 0.61 | 0.29 ± 0.76 | 0.19 ± 0.65 |
| Moving | 0.69 ± 1.39 | 0.80 ± 1.41 | 0.42 ± 1.05 | 1.42 ± 2.05 | 0.40 ± 0.96 | 0.12 ± 0.53 |
| Running | 0.02 ± 0.21 | 0.08 ± 0.45 | 0.03 ± 0.28 | 0.28 ± 0.81 | 0.05 ± 0.35 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
| Environmental interaction | ||||||
| Olfactory investigation | 5.86 ± 5.22 | 6.40 ± 5.64 | 4.44 ± 4.74 | 9.68 ± 8.05 | 3.51 ± 4.58 | 1.50 ± 2.17 |
| Object playing | 0.17 ± 0.90 | 0.08 ± 0.5 | 0.05 ± 0.35 | 0.16 ± 0.72 | 0.01 ± 0.17 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
| Licking | 7.61 ± 5.72 | 6.42 ± 5.59 | 4.55 ± 5.09 | 11.69 ± 7.52 | 2.54 ± 3.66 | 0.72 ± 1.69 |
| Positive interaction | ||||||
| Mutual grooming | 1.44 ± 2.18 | 1.75 ± 2.44 | 1.23 ± 2.03 | 2.30 ± 2.83 | 0.79 ± 1.66 | 0.55 ± 1.70 |
| Playing | 0.23 ± 0.77 | 0.41 ± 1.20 | 0.16 ± 0.67 | 0.90 ± 1.84 | 0.15 ± 0.59 | 0.02 ± 0.21 |
| Pen interaction | 0.89 ± 1.79 | 0.78 ± 1.62 | 0.42 ± 1.22 | 1.42 ± 2.18 | 0.18 ± 0.69 | 0.02 ± 0.23 |
| Sexual behavior | 0.02 ± 0.19 | 0.02 ± 0.21 | 0.01 ± 0.20 | 0.08 ± 0.43 | 0.01 ± 0.18 | 0.00 ± 0.07 |
| Negative interaction | ||||||
| Cross-sucking | 1.28 ± 2.13 | 0.39 ± 1.01 | 0.32 ± 0.96 | 1.78 ± 2.62 | 0.18 ± 0.64 | 0.06 ± 0.38 |
| Stereotypies | 0.21 ± 0.90 | 0.24 ± 0.97 | 0.31 ± 0.97 | 0.41 ± 1.53 | 0.17 ± 0.67 | 0.15 ± 0.76 |
| Head butting | 0.54 ± 1.17 | 0.93 ± 1.62 | 0.28 ± 0.84 | 1.60 ± 2.15 | 0.34 ± 0.97 | 0.04 ± 0.28 |
| Self-grooming | 2.32 ± 2.57 | 2.96 ± 2.59 | 3.26 ± 3.35 | 3.59 ± 3.30 | 2.43 ± 3.02 | 1.94 ± 2.50 |
| Non-visible | 4.32 ± 18.63 | 4.22 ± 19.34 | 3.81 ± 18.29 | 3.97 ± 18.20 | 5.45 ± 20.98 | 3.55 ± 17.99 |
EM, early morning; LM, late morning; EA, early afternoon; LA, late afternoon; EV, evening; NI, night.
aTime slots.