. 2023 Dec 20;10:1295949. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1295949

Table 5.

Least square means of behaviors, expressed as a percentage of recordings for the main effects considered in the ANOVA.

Behavior	Diet				Sex			Timing ^A
	CTR	T3	T6	SE	F	M	SE	EM	LM	EA	LA	EV	NI	SE
Ingestion
Eating solid	5.016	4.211	4.655	0.247	4.760	4.494	0.194	6.412^c	8.343^b	1.754^d	9.989^a	0.855^e	0.410^e	0.219
Eating liquid	0.701^b	0.844^a	0.648^b	0.028	0.827^a	0.635^b	0.022	2.125^b	0.000^c	0.000^c	2.260^a	0.000^c	0.000^c	0.032
Drinking	0.253	0.125	0.172	0.048	0.195	0.172	0.037	0.135^b	0.289^b	0.159^a	0.318^a	0.140^b	0.059^b	0.038
Resting
Sternal recumbency	38.81	38.22	37.24	1.344	39.79^a	36.40^b	1.055	29.50^d	40.49^c	40.74^c	17.34^e	54.64^a	45.86^b	0.979
Lateral recumbency	10.00	7.945	7.130	0.994	6.573^b	10.15^a	0.780	5.893^c	6.242^c	11.58^b	1.92^d	10.89^b	13.63^a	0.707
Rest standing	10.81	10.190	8.797	0.931	9.719	10.14	0.730	14.33^b	10.69^c	5.371^d	21.36^a	5.752^d	2.09^e	0.598
Ruminating
Standing ruminating	0.070	0.113	0.076	0.022	0.081	0.091	0.017	0.137^a	0.074^a	0.059^a	0.149^a	0.032^b	0.064^a	0.024
Lateral ruminating	2.687	2.388	1.848	0.432	2.007	2.608	0.339	2.508^b	1.048^c	2.911^b	0.481^d	1.397^c	5.501^a	0.306
Sternal ruminating	12.72	13.97	13.35	0.963	14.53^a	12.16^b	0.756	13.60^c	7.583^e	18.21^b	6.129^e	9.870^d	24.69^a	0.655
Movement
General agitation	0.108	0.124	0.083	0.013	0.094	0.116	0.010	0.158^c	0.064^b	0.006^c	0.379^a	0.021^c	0.000^b	0.019
Standing/lying	0.223	0.236	0.216	0.025	0.249	0.201	0.019	0.230^a	0.228^a	0.223^a	0.158^b	0.312^a	0.199^b	0.028
Moving	0.666	0.715	0.684	0.068	0.772^a	0.604^b	0.054	0.723^b	0.826^b	0.494^c	1.580^a	0.395^c	0.111^d	0.061
Running	0.071^b	0.126^a	0.091^a	0.012	0.125^a	0.066^b	0.010	0.018^c	0.093^b	0.026^b	0.357^a	0.082^b	0.000^c	0.017
Environmental interaction
Olfactory investigation	5.716^a	5.271^a	4.510^b	0.324	5.037	5.294	0.254	5.686^b	6.428^b	4.408^c	9.700^a	3.376^d	1.395^e	0.254
Object playing	0.047	0.100	0.099	0.025	0.085	0.079	0.019	0.154^a	0.085^a	0.066^b	0.159^a	0.026^b	0.000^b	0.024
Licking	4.913^b	6.753^a	6.195^a	0.489	6.583^a	5.325^b	0.384	8.161^b	6.909^c	5.131^d	12.23^a	2.611^e	0.678^f	0.334
Positive interaction
Mutual grooming	1.644	1.234	1.030	0.175	1.232	1.373	0.138	1.315^b	1.661^b	1.210^c	2.294^a	0.797^d	0.540^d	0.127
Playing	0.284	0.338	0.289	0.032	0.282	0.325	0.025	0.230^c	0.407^b	0.161^c	0.862^a	0.141^c	0.021^d	0.041
Pen interaction	0.576	0.711	0.682	0.082	0.723	0.590	0.065	0.905^b	0.862^b	0.450^c	1.508^a	0.188^d	0.027^d	0.069
Sexual behavior	0.029	0.010	0.014	0.009	0.005^b	0.031^a	0.007	0.018^a	0.014^b	0.010^b	0.053^a	0.010^b	0.002^b	0.010
Negative interaction
Cross-sucking	0.927^a	0.483^ab	0.716^a	0.093	0.804	0.614	0.073	1.390^b	0.383^c	0.326^c	1.902^a	0.204^c	0.047^d	0.076
Stereotypies	0.169	0.172	0.394	0.150	0.241	0.249	0.118	0.199^b	0.249^a	0.304^a	0.384^a	0.177^b	0.156^b	0.093
Head butting	0.592	0.641	0.568	0.062	0.558	0.642	0.049	0.539^c	0.852^b	0.256^d	1.595^a	0.322^d	0.040^e	0.059
Self-grooming	2.854	3.068	3.077	0.220	3.472	2.527	0.173	2.490^c	3.320^b	3.562^a	3.837^a	2.664^c	2.125^d	0.164

CTR, control; T3, 3% of hempseed cake inclusion; T6, 6% of hempseed cake inclusion; F, female; M, male; EM, early morning; LM, late morning; EA, early afternoon; LA, late afternoon; EV, evening; NI, night; SE, standard error.

^ATime slots.

^a−fValues within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at a P-value of <0.05.