Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 2,390 participants according to the healthy lifestyle score.
| Characteristics | Healthy lifestyle score (points) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–2 (n = 122) | 3 (n = 443) | 4 (n = 883) | 5 (n = 697) | 6 (n = 245) | ||
| Age (y) | 71.81 ± 6.05 | 72.66 ± 6.18 | 72.15 ± 5.98 | 72.03 ± 5.97 | 71.15 ± 5.33bcd | 0.032 |
| Male (%) | 106 (86.9) | 269 (60.7)a | 307 (34.8)ab | 246 (35.3)ab | 92 (37.6)ab | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.93 ± 2.92 | 25.51 ± 3.44 | 24.66 ± 3.40ab | 21.88 ± 2.30abc | 21.28 ± 1.55abcd | < 0.001 |
| Education level (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Illiteracy | 4 (3.4) | 46 (10.3) | 92 (10.5) | 55 (7.9) | 11 (4.4) | |
| Primary school | 76 (63.9) | 261 (58.5) | 569 (65.1) | 430 (61.9) | 138 (55.4) | |
| Above middle school | 39 (32.8) | 139 (31.2) | 213 (24.4) | 210 (30.2) | 100 (40.2) | |
| Monthly income (%) | 0.060 | |||||
| < 1,000 RMB | 6 (5.0) | 20 (4.5) | 44 (5.0) | 31 (4.4) | 7 (2.9) | |
| 1,000–3,000 RMB | 47 (38.8) | 176 (39.9) | 361 (41.1) | 264 (37.9) | 75 (30.6) | |
| 3,000–5,000 RMB | 17 (14.0) | 64 (14.5) | 137 (15.6) | 110 (15.8) | 31 (12.7) | |
| >5,000 RMB | 51 (42.1) | 181 (41.0) | 337 (38.3) | 292 (41.9) | 132 (53.9) | |
| Job type (%) | 0.001 | |||||
| Mental labor | 25 (20.5) | 116 (26.2) | 195 (22.3) | 176 (25.5) | 85 (34.8) | |
| Manual labor | 74 (60.7) | 271 (61.3) | 559 (64.0) | 416 (60.2) | 116 (47.5) | |
| Both | 23 (18.9) | 55 (12.4) | 119 (13.6) | 99 (14.3) | 43 (17.6) | |
| Widowed (%) | 16 (13.1) | 70 (15.8) | 170 (19.3) | 119 (17.1) | 41 (16.7) | 0.333 |
| Living alone (%) | 20 (16.4) | 67 (15.1) | 139 (15.7) | 95 (13.6) | 37 (15.1) | 0.809 |
| Faller (%) | 63 (51.6) | 240 (54.2) | 497 (56.3) | 349 (50.1)c | 103 (42.0)bcd | 0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 34 (27.9) | 115 (26.0) | 202 (22.9) | 135 (19.4)ab | 21 (8.6)abcd | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (%) | 93 (76.2) | 335 (75.6) | 638 (72.3) | 434 (62.3)abc | 118 (48.2)abcd | < 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 54 (44.3) | 196 (44.2) | 390 (44.2) | 261 (37.4)bc | 89 (36.3)bc | 0.019 |
| Heart disease (%) | 34 (27.9) | 138 (31.2) | 280 (31.7) | 188 (27.0) | 66 (26.9) | 0.221 |
| Stroke (%) | 26 (21.3) | 93 (21.0) | 198 (22.4) | 130 (18.7) | 35 (14.3) | 0.053 |
| Cognitive impairment (%) | 18 (14.8) | 63 (14.2) | 106 (12.0) | 63 (9.0)b | 14 (5.7)abc | 0.002 |
| Having healthy lifestyle factors (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Former or never smoke | 39 (32.0) | 326 (73.6)a | 809 (91.6)ab | 661 (94.8)abc | 245 (100.0)abcd | |
| Moderate or never drink | 54 (44.3) | 338 (76.3)a | 814 (92.2)ab | 667 (95.7)abc | 245 (100.0)abcd | |
| Physical activity ≥ 3.5 h/week (moderate or vigorous) | 37 (30.3) | 169 (38.1) | 641 (72.6)ab | 567 (81.3)abc | 245 (100.0)abcd | |
| BMI within 18.5–23.9 kg/m2 | 8 (6.6) | 63 (14.2)a | 284 (32.2)ab | 579 (83.1)abc | 245 (100.0)abcd | |
| Daily vegetables and fruits | 98 (80.3) | 403 (91.0)a | 853 (96.6)ab | 687 (98.6)abc | 245 (100.0)abc | |
| WHR < 0.9 in men, < 0.85 in women | 0 (0.0) | 30 (6.8)a | 131 (14.8)ab | 324 (46.5)abc | 245 (100.0)abcd | |
BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; Data are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
aCompared with score = 0–2 groups, p < 0.05.
bCompared with score = three groups, p < 0.05.
cCompared with score = four groups, p < 0.05.
dCompared with score = five groups, p < 0.05.