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. 2024 Jan 4;21:4. doi: 10.1186/s12974-023-02996-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Macrophages play a role in ototoxic damage induced by styrene. A–D Images of cochlear sections showing high magnifications of the lateral wall (LW) with stria vascularis (SV; A, B) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs; C, D) stained with IBA-1, (green fluorescence) and DAPI (blue fluorescence). High magnifications show a strong IBA-1 fluorescence in the LW (b1) and SGNs (d1) in styrene cochlear samples. Scale bar: A, B 100 μm; C, D 50 μm. E, F Histograms showing IBA1-positive cell density in the LW (E) and in SGNs (F). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and are representative of three independent experiments from three animals/group. G, H Representative western blots showing high levels of CD68 and GFAP in cochlear lysates in Styrene compared to Ctrl groups. Histograms (means ± SEM) show the optical density values (CD68 n = 3 cochleae for each group, p = 0.03; Student’s t test; GFAP n = 4 cochlea for each group; Student’s t test, p = 0.009) normalized to the corresponding total protein amount (GAPDH). Asterisks show statistical significance (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001)