Table 1.

AIM and kidney diseases

Type of kidney disease	Predisposition	Characteristics	Key to cure diseases	The role of AIM	References
AKI	Ischemia– reperfusion	Abrupt impairment of kidney filtration function	Dead cell debris in the lumen	AIM removes cellular debris in the systemic circulation	[4, 17, 27, 29, 35]
CKD	AKI, obesity, nephrosclerosis, diabetes	The blood, the urine, and GFR were abnormal	Dead cell debris, lipid droplets, oxLDL level, and glycosylation	IgM-free AIM cleans the lumen-obstructing debris, decreases triacylglycerol deposition within adipocytes, and facilitates oxLDL uptake	[9, 15, 17, 29, 36, 42, 44, 45, 49, 52–55]
DN	Metabolics, genetic, hemodynamic and environmental factors	High blood pressure, edema, foam uria, proteinuria	Microvascular lesions, morphological and structural changes in the kidney	Free AIM is limited to release, and AIM is elevated in whole plasma	[62, 63]
Glomerular Inflammation in IgAN	Infection, unbalanced immunity, genetics	Glular mesangial cell hyperplasia, and mesangial matrix hyperplasia	IgA with aberrant glycosylations and the deposition of an immune complex which consists of IgA1, IgM, variable IgG, and complement 3 at the glomerular mesangial region	IgA and IgM/IgG immune complexes linked by AIM cause severe inflammatory immune responses	[64, 66, 67]
Delayed graft function of kidney transplantation	Cold and warm IRI	Minuria, anuria, and elevated blood creatinine	Apoptosis and/or necrosis of the renal TECs. Intracellular DAMPs are set free, potentiating allo- and non-alloimmune injury	AIM eliminates necrotic cell debris, limits DAMP release from the damaged tissue, and decreases alloimmunity	[68, 70]