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. 2024 Jan 4;24:11. doi: 10.1186/s12866-023-03161-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — The global surface microbiome diversity is not different between diseased and healthy sea urchins. Alpha diversity is analyzed by A Observed Species, B Chao1, and C ACE. The box plots show the mean and quartile values for each group, which are not significantly different (ANOVA, p > 0.05). D Beta diversity is analyzed at the level of ASV sequences using weighted UniFrac and visualized with NMDS. Ellipses around sample groups show 95% confidence intervals assuming a multivariate t-distribution (solid line) or a multivariate normal distribution (dashed line). The beta diversity of the groups is not significantly different (PERMANOVA, p > 0.05), indicating that microbial composition is similar for the global surface microbiomes on diseased and healthy sea urchins housed in the same aquarium