Table 2.
Therapeutic effects of CBD and the ECS on vascular disease
| Disease | Sample | Research Target | Summary outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAD | Human; Subjects of white, black, and Asian ancestry (n = 2667); | FAAH cDNA polymorphism | FAAH 385 A/A missense polymorphism is a risk factor for overweight/obesity, which are also risk factors for CAD. | [45] |
| Human; Individuals from the German MI family study (n = 1968); | CNR2 (encoding CB2) variations | Common CNR2 variations confer no susceptibility to CAD. | [46] | |
| Human; Overweight/obese patients (n = 6897); | Rimonabant (CB1 antagonist) | In overweight/obese patients, rimonabant induced weight loss and significant improvements in multiple cardiometabolic risk factors. | [47] | |
| Mouse; ApoE-/- mice (n = 48); | Exercise and rimonabant treatments | Both exercise and rimonabant treatments induced plaque regression and promoted plaque stability. | [48] | |
| Mouse; type I diabetic cardiomyopathy mouse model; | CBD | CBD could have a high therapeutic potential in the management of cardiovascular disorders by attenuating oxidative/nitrative stress, inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis. | [53] | |
| Cell; Mouse microglial cells; | CBD | CBD exerted its anti-inflammatory effects on microglia via its intrinsic antioxidant properties, which are amplified by the inhibition of glucose-dependent NADPH synthesis. | [50] | |
| Cell; BV-2 microglial cells; | CBD | CBD affected genes involved in the regulation of stress response and inflammation, mainly via the Nrf2/Hmox1 axis and the Nrf2/ATF4-Trib3 pathway. | [51] | |
| Hypertension | Human; Healthy participants (n = 12); | CBD and TurboCBD™ | TurboCBD™ 90 mg was associated with a slight reduction in BP. | [64] |
| Human; Healthy male participants (n = 26); | CBD | CBD reduced BP at rest after a single dose, but the effect was lost after seven days of treatment. | [66] | |
| Human; Healthy male participants (n = 9); | CBD | Acute administration of CBD reduces resting BP and stress-induced hypertension. | [71] | |
| Rat; Spontaneously and deoxycorticosterone hypertensive rats; | CBD | Chronic CBD administration did not exert an antihypertensive effect in primary and deoxycorticosterone hypertension model. | [65] | |
| Rat; Male Wistar rats; | CBD | CBD showed anxiolytic-like properties similar to those of diazepam in a rat model of conditioned fear to context. | [70] | |
| DRVD | Human; Noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients (n = 62); | CBD | CBD decreased insulin resistance and increased glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide levels. | [73] |
| Rat; Zucker D\diabetic fatty rats | CBD | Increased circulating endocannabinoids could alter the vascular function in type 2 diabetes, possibly due to endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation improvement. | [77] | |
| Cell; Human coronary artery endothelial cell; | CBD | CBD could have significant therapeutic benefits against diabetic complications and atherosclerosis. | [74] | |
| Cell; Type I diabetic cardiomyopathy mouse model; | CBD | CBD could have a high therapeutic potential in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, by attenuating oxidative/nitrative stress, inflammation, cell death, and fibrosis. | [53] | |
| I/R injury | Rat; Ischemic rat hearts model; | CBD | CBD exerted a substantial in vivo cardioprotective effect. | [78] |
| Rat; Male rats; | CBD | CBD showed a therapeutic effect against I/R injury-induced arrhythmias via the activation of adenosine A1 receptor. | [79] | |
| Rat; | CBD | CBD demonstrated a therapeutic effect against CI, possibly by diminishing TNFR1/NF-κB-induced neurotoxicity. | [81] | |
| Rat; Neonatal Wistar rats; | CBD | CBD administration after middle cerebral artery occlusion led to long-term functional recovery, neuronal loss and astrogliosis reduction, and modulation of apoptosis, metabolic derangement, excitotoxicity and neuro-inflammation. | [82] | |
| Piglet; Hypoxic-ischemic newborn piglets | CBD | The combined effect of hypothermia and CBD on excitotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell damage is greater than the effects of either hypothermia or CBD alone. | [83] | |
| Piglet; Hypoxic-ischemic newborn piglets | CBD | CBD administration after hypoxia-ischemia in piglets showed neuroprotective effects. | [84] |
ApoE-/-, apolipoprotein E-deficient; Abn-CBD, abnormal cannabidiol; BP, blood pressure; CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, cerebral infarction; DRVD, diabetes-related vascular disease; ECS, endocannabinoid system; FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase; GPR18, G protein-coupled receptor; I/R injury, ischemia-reperfusion injury; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MI, myocardial infarction