Table 2.
Percent difference (95% CI) of HOMA measuresc with quartile of urinary metal concentrations (N = 414)
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Arsenic, μg/Lb | < 2.97 | 2.97–4.86 | 4.86–7.42 | > 7.42 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | −6.96 (−16.11, 3.18) | −16.10 (−24.16, −7.17) | −8.26 (−17.05, 1.46) | 0.028 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | 21.25 (3.51, 42.03) | 34.49 (15.23, 56.98) | 17.53 (0.75, 37.10) | 0.02 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | −17.55 (−29.62, −3.41) | −25.66 (−36.31, −13.22) | −14.90 (−27.05, −0.72) | 0.02 |
| Cadmium, μg/L | < 0.20 | 0.20–0.36 | 0.36–0.63 | > 0.63 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | −5.25 (−14.64, 5.18) | −3.56 (−13.40, 7.40) | −10.67 (−20.24, 0.05) | 0.084 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | 4.33 (−11.13, 22.48) | 3.62 (−12.18, 22.25) | 14.70 (−3.63, 36.52) | 0.151 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | −4.15 (−18.36, 12.53) | −3.43 (−18.15, 13.95) | −12.77 (−26.72, 3.83) | 0.154 |
| Cobalt, μg/L | < 0.13 | 0.13–0.19 | 0.19–0.33 | > 0.33 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | 5.17 (−4.96, 16.39) | −4.40 (−13.64, 5.82) | 6.41 (−3.97, 17.91) | 0.594 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | −8.41 (−21.56, 6.93) | 10.98 (−4.98, 29.63) | −8.57 (−21.85, 6.96) | 0.777 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | 9.24 (−6.44, 27.55) | −9.98 (−22.93, 5.16) | 9.40 (−6.49, 27.99) | 0.779 |
| Copper, μg/L | < 6.27 | 6.27–9.87 | 9.87–1306 | > 13.06 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | −6.05 (−15.23, 4.13) | −8.03 (−17.18, 2.14) | −10.23 (−19.26, −0.20) | 0.046 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | 13.85 (−2.77, 33.32) | 9.45 (−6.81, 28.56) | 16.02 (−1.39, 36.50) | 0.130 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | −12.15 (−24.98, 2.88) | −8.62 (−22.20, 7.34) | −13.83 (−26.76, 1.40) | 0.129 |
| Lead, μg/L | < 0.35 | 0.35–0.55 | 0.55–0.91 | > 0.91 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | −3.19 (−12.53, 7.15) | −9.63 (−18.64, 0.37) | −4.43 (−13.92, 6.10) | 0.251 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | 8.73 (−6.97, 27.08) | 14.18 (−2.82, 34.16) | 7.27 (−8.64, 25.95) | 0.347 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | −8.03 (−21.31, 7.49) | −12.48 (−25.52, 2.84) | −6.84 (−20.66, 9.39) | 0.342 |
| Molybdenum, μg/L | < 30.63 | 30.63–46.96 | 46.96–72.09 | > 72.09 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | −10.52 (−19.06, −1.07) | −3.72 (−13.09, 6.66) | −11.14 (−19.70, −1.67) | 0.087 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | 15.54 (−0.90, 34.71) | 1.82 (−12.94, 19.09) | 22.80 (5.17, 43.38) | 0.049 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | −13.43 (−25.75, 0.94) | −1.82 (−16.06, 14.84) | −18.60 (−30.29, −4.95) | 0.048 |
| Selenium, μg/L | < 33.38 | 33.38–51.73 | 51.73–69.52 | > 69.52 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | −2.61 (−11.99, 7.78) | 1.21 (−8.59, 12.06) | −1.41 (−11.08, 9.32) | 0.978 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | 5.72 (−9.49, 23.49) | −2.65 (−16.72, 13.80) | 1.31 (−13.52, 18.69) | 0.870 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | −5.45 (−19.05, 10.45) | 2.68 (−12.17, 20.04) | −1.31 (−15.76, 15.62) | 0.872 |
| Zinc, μg/L | < 238.63 | 238.63–405.75 | 405.75–660.88 | > 660.88 | |
| HOMA-B | Ref | −9.58 (−18.22, −0.04) | −4.32 (−13.60, 5.95) | −11.19 (−19.94, −1.49) | 0.071 |
| HOMA-S | Ref | 12.82 (−3.31, 31.64) | 0.84 (−13.79, 17.95) | 13.78 (−2.99, 33.44) | 0.276 |
| HOMA-IR | Ref | −11.43 (−24.09, 3.35) | −0.81 (−15.20, 16.03) | −12.15 (−25.10, 3.04) | 0.276 |
a
All models adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, pack-year smoking, BMI, alcohol consumption, years of education, and employment status
b
Total arsenic calculated as the sum of DMA, MMA, and inorganic arsenic
c
HOMA-B, HOMA beta cell function; HOMA-S, HOMA insulin sensitivity; HOMA-IR, HOMA insulin resistance